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Database Systems: Data Modeling

The document discusses data modeling and database design. It covers key concepts like entities, attributes, relationships, and cardinality when designing databases and conceptual data models. Entities can have attributes and relationships with other entities, and these relationships can be one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many.

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Toto Dando
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85 views

Database Systems: Data Modeling

The document discusses data modeling and database design. It covers key concepts like entities, attributes, relationships, and cardinality when designing databases and conceptual data models. Entities can have attributes and relationships with other entities, and these relationships can be one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many.

Uploaded by

Toto Dando
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Systems

Data Modeling

Introduction

In designing databases, we begin by


examining the entities that are of
importance to an organization.
A conceptual data model is created to
capture the overall structure of the
entities and the relationships among
them

Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD)

Most commonly used conceptual


model
Consists of:

Entities
Relationships among entities
Attributes of both the entities and their
relationships

Entity

An entity is a
person, place, thing,
or event which an
organization wishes
to maintain data
about
Examples:

Student
Subject
Instructor

An entity is
represented by a
rectangle

STUDENT

SUBJECT

Attributes

An attribute is a
characteristic of an
entity
Sample attributes
of the STUDENT
entity

Name
ID Number
Address
Birthday

An attribute is
represented by an
ellipse

Name

ID_Num

STUDENT

Address

Birthday

Value of an Attribute

The value of the type of characteristic


that an attribute represents
Example:

Attribute: Name
Values:

Juan De la Cruz
Brian Adams

The ERD contains only the attribute


type and not its values
6

Comparison of Attribute Types

Multivalued vs. single-valued


Composite vs. simple (or atomic)
Derived vs. stored

Multivalued Attributes

Attributes having
more than one
value for each
entity instance
Example:

Hobby - a student
may have more
than one hobbies

A multivalued
attribute is
represented by a
double ellipse
Hobby
STUDENT

Composite Attributes

An attribute
broken into
component parts

Derived Attribute

An attributes whose values can be


calculated from related attribute values

Derived
from date employed and
current date

10

Identification of Entity Instances

The relational model uses primary


keys to link related entities together
Primary key - an attribute or a
combination of attributes that uniquely
identifies an instance of an entity
Represented by underlining the
attribute(s) involved
ID_Num
11

Characteristics of a Primary Key

Unique - no two entity instances can


have the same value for the primary
key attribute
Not null
Must not change over time

12

Relationship

A relationship is a
natural association
between the
instances of one or
more entities
Example:

enrolls - a student
enrolls in a subject

A relationship is
represented by a
diamond-shaped
symbol

STUDEN
T

enrolls

SUBJEC
T

Relationships may
also have attributes
13

Types of Relationship

Three (3) possible types of relationship


can exist between the occurrences of
related entity types:

One-to-one relationship
One-to-many relationship
Many-to-many relationship

14

Cardinality

The number of instances that is


associated between a pair of entity types
The cardinality of the association from A
to B is the maximum number of
occurrences of B that can be associated
with A
A pair of associations can exist between
any two entities:

Ex. from A to B and from B to A


15

Examples of Cardinality

16

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