DRIVERLESS CARS

THE ETHICS OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES

KYLER BRANAUM, LINDSEY YOUNG, KODY MYERS

Autonomous Vehicles Defined

Vehicle that get from one point to

another point without human
interaction.

Implement a number of well placed

sensors that detect different things
such as other vehicles, people, traffic
lights, and movement of other
vehicles

The Technology of the Car

Anti-Lock Brakes

Electronic Stability control

Adaptive cruise control

Lane-departure warning system

Self parking

Automated guided vehicle

systems

Lidar-Systems(with google cars) or

Cruise Automated Systems(Audi)

Infrared cameras.

The Lidar System

Features:

Vertical and horizontal setup of the system

possible

Image acquisition with fully integrated NIKON DSLR

camera.

3D mode of the VZ scanner with continuous

rotation of the scanning head for highly efficient
mobile data acquisition.

360 degree static scanning.

Mainly used by Google Inc. for detecting the

surroundings of the vehicle

Cruise Systems
Features:

Cameras and Radars to map out

surroundings(including other vehicles)

Used mainly for highway scenarios.

Steering wheel motor mounted to steering

column.

Adaptive speed control.

Collision avoidance

RP-1 sensors

Will be made in future for other vehicles.

Types of Algorithms
The combination of:

3-D imaging with multiple 1064

nm lasers.

Edge-Detection Algorithm

Motion-Detection algorithm

Tracking algorithm

Apples and Oranges

Lidar System:

Cruise System:

$70k system

$10k system(installed)

Can be used in basically

anywhere.

Mainly for highway scenarios

Design is small and lightweight

Not fully autonomous

Design is very bulky and heavy

Fully autonomous

Current Adoption of the

Technology

Google, as mentioned previously

Cruise Automation

Tesla Model D announced in 2014

Car will be able to autonomously pick owners up (on private

property)

Cadillac Super Cruise announced in 2014 for 2017 models

Hands-free driving in certain conditions

Vehicle to vehicle communication

Ford Traffic Jam Assist announced in 2012 gives similar features

Components

Lane departure warning

Blind spot monitoring

Warn if cars are in blind spots

Pedestrian detection

Lazy or inattentive drivers can automatically be

moved

Automatic brake or warning

Adaptive cruise control + forward collision warning

Car stays a safe distance behind cars ahead of it

Warns or takes action in case of danger

Statistical and Professional

Support

32,719 people were killed in car accidents in the US alone in

2013

The Institute for Highway Safety reported the following in 2014

7% reduction in crashes for vehicles with forward collision warning

systems.

14-15% reduction for vehicles with automatic braking.

In 2012 pedestrian deaths were 14% of all crash fatalities

Insurance Institute for Highway Safety found 72% of people who

try the technology want them in their own vehicle.

Automatic braking lowers severity of unavoidable crashes

according to an IIHS official.

Drawbacks

Although there are people who want the technology in their cars,
it can cost:

$2,000 on average for safety-related tech (not automation)

$10,000 for Cruise in Audi S4s, as mentioned.

Poor performance in adverse weather conditions

Who is to blame?

The car manufacturer? The programmer?

The driver?

Public Acceptance and Adoption

Vehicle to vehicle technology cannot function ideally without adoption

across the board.

Minority vs majority

Few legal precedents

Legal in NV, CA, FL, MI, and the District of Columbia.

Failed legislation in TX, OK, CO, AZ, OR, WI, and NH.

Ethical Considerations
Human drivers may be forgiven for making an instinctive but
nonetheless bad split-second decision, such as swerving into
incoming traffic rather than the other way into a field. But
programmers and designers of automated cars dont have that
luxury, since they do have the time to get it right and therefore bear
more responsibility for bad outcomes.
- Patrick Lin, The Atlantic

The Trolley Problem

A classic thought-exercise in ethics

A trolleys brakes have failed.

You are controlling the signal

switch.

If you do nothing, five people will

be killed.

If you activate the switch, only

one person will be killed.

What do you choose to do?

Critical distinction: Allowing

death versus causing death?

Utilitarian Analysis

A quick refresher

Weigh the pros and cons of each

potential outcome to determine
the net change in overall welfare.

Pick the outcome with greatest

net increase (or least decrease)
in welfare.

Due to its objectiveness, it is

theoretically possible to
implement in a computer
system.

The Trolley Problem

When the identities of the actors change

Problems with Utilitarian Analysis

Ineffective when information is

omitted.

A truly accurate analysis may

require valuing one human life
over another.

The least bad outcome may

still result in the loss of life.

Another Problem:
Consequentialism
While we are free to choose our actions, we are not free to choose
the consequences of our actions.

Stephen R. Covey

Without complete information and

the gift of hindsight, a decision that
results in a net gain of welfare in
the short run may turn out to be a
very poor decision in the long run.

A New Class of Victims

There will be an inherent shift in the makeup of automobile

accident victims.

Likely a decrease in driver deaths and an increase in pedestrian

and cyclist deaths.

Great news for some people, bad news for others.

An ethical conundrum: Can we accept an increase in the death

rate of certain groups of people if it means a decrease in the
overall death rate?

Random Outcome Generator

A fair solution

Generate a list of potential

outcomes, then roll the die:
1.

Swerve to the right, potentially

killing a cyclist.

2.

Swerve to the left, potentially

killing two pedestrians.

3.

Continue forward into the path of

an oncoming vehicle, potentially
killing yourself and its
occupant(s).

Easing Public Apprehensions

How many more lives per year must be saved for the public to
embrace a driverless revolution?

Manufacturers will need to be upfront with the details of the

decision-making systems piloting the vehicles.

Will there be override capabilities?

Delayed Feedback Problem: There will be a significant period of

time before weve collected enough data to determine the
effectiveness of a driverless initiative.

References

BRANDON, JOHN. "The New Cruise Control." Inc 37.1 (2015): 88-94.
Academic Search Complete. Web. 1 Apr. 2015.

PULTAROVA, TEREZA. "Self-Driving Self-charging Electric Cars Ready to Roll."

Engineering & Technology (17509637) 9.12 (2015): 10. Academic Search
Complete. Web. 1 Apr. 2015.

"The Road To Self-Driving Cars." Consumer Reports 79.4 (2014): 16-20.

Academic Search Complete. Web. 1 Apr. 2015.

http://
www.fool.com/investing/general/2014/10/26/self-driving-cars-what-will-it-t
ake-to-make-automa.aspx

http://www.autoinsurancecenter.com/top-20-pros-and-cons-associated-with-se
lf-driving-cars.htm

http://www.wired.com/2013/07/the-surprising-ethics-of-robot-cars/

http://
www.consumerreports.org/cro/magazine/2014/04/the-road-to-self-driving-car
s/index.htm