Motion
Speed
Velocity
Acceleration
Some Motion Terms
Distance
& Displacement
Velocity & Speed
Acceleration
Scalar versus Vector
Scalar
- magnitude only (e.g. volume,
mass, time)
Vector
- magnitude & direction (e.g.
weight, velocity, acceleration)
Pictorial Representation
An
arrow represents a
vector
Length = magnitude of vector
Direction = direction of vector
Pictorial Representation
This
arrow could represent a vector
of magnitude 10 point to the right
This arrow could represent a vector
of magnitude 5 point to the left
Distance & Displacement
Distance
is the actual distance traveled.
Displacement
Finish line
Displacement
depends only on Start &
is the distance traveled , in
a certain direction.
Displacement Isnt Distance
The
displacement of an object is not the
same as the distance it travels
Example: Throw a ball straight up and then
catch it at the same point you released it
The
distance is twice the height
The displacement is zero
Distance & Displacement
Distance & Displacement
B
3m
4m
5m
You walk from A to B to C.
Your distance traveled is 7m
Your displacement form A is 5 m
Speed and Velocity
is the distance traveled in a
certain time.
Speed
is the displacement traveled in
a certain time.
Velocity
Velocity
is speed in a given direction.
Types of Speed
Instantaneous
Speed is the speed at any
specific instance
Average
Speed is the total distance covered
divided by total time
Speed
The
average speed of an object is defined
as the total distance traveled divided by
the total time elapsed
total distance
Average speed
total time
x
Speed
t
Speed is a scalar quantity
Speed, cont
Average
speed totally ignores any
variations in the objects actual motion
during the trip
The total distance and the total time are
all that is important
SI units are m/s
Velocity
The
average velocity of an object is
defined as the total displacement traveled
divided by the total time elapsed
totaldisplacement
Averagevelocity
totaltime
r
r x
V
t
Velocity is a vector quantity
Velocity
It
takes time for an object to undergo a
displacement
The average velocity is rate at which the
displacement occurs
Vaverage
generally
x x f x i x f x i
t
t f ti
t
use a time interval, so let ti = 0
Velocity continued
Direction
will be the same as the direction
of the displacement (time interval is always
positive)
+ or - is sufficient
Units
of velocity are m/s (SI), cm/s (cgs)
or ft/s
Other units may be given in a problem, but
generally will need to be converted to these
Speed vs. Velocity
Cars on both paths have the same average velocity
since they had the same displacement in the same
time interval
The car on the blue path will have a greater average
speed since the distance it traveled is larger
Speed vs. Velocity
You drive from Yakima to Seattle (140 miles away)
You stop in Ellensburg for a 2 hr lunch with a friend.
Your total driving time is 2 hours
140miles
Averagespeed
2hour 2hour
140miles
Averagespeed
35mph
4hours
Uniform Velocity
Uniform
velocity is constant velocity
The instantaneous velocities are always the
same
All the instantaneous velocities will also equal
the average velocity
Velocity Example
150 Km/hr
100 Km/hr
50 Km/hr
Velocity again
Wind
35 Km/hr
How fast is the plane
moving in respect to
the ground?
100 Km/hr
Velocity, yet again
How fast is the
plane moving in
respect to the
ground?
Wind
35 Km/hr
100 Km/hr
Velocity (finally)
How fast is the
plane moving in
respect to the
ground?
Wind
35 Km/hr
Result
100 Km/hr
65 Km/hr
Velocity again (??)
How fast is
the plane
moving in
respect to the
ground?
100 Km/hr
Wind
50 Km/hr
Velocity - the last time
a2 + b2 = c2
100 Km/hr
Resultant
Wind
50 Km/hr
c2
b2
a2
How fast is the plane moving in respect to the ground?
(Last) Velocity
How fast is the plane moving in respect to the ground?
a2 + b2 = c2
100 Km/hr
Resultant
Wind
50 Km/hr
R2 = (100)2 + (50)2
R = 111.8 Km/hr
c2
b2
a2
R2 = 10,000 + 2500 R2 = 12,500
Acceleration
Change in velocity divided by
the change in time
V
a
t
Acceleration
Changing
velocity (non-uniform) means an
acceleration is present
Acceleration is the rate of change of the
velocity
Units
are m/s2 (SI), cm/s2 (cgs), and ft/s2
(US Cust)
Average Acceleration
Vector
quantity
When the sign of the velocity and the
acceleration are the same (either positive
or negative), then the speed is increasing
When the sign of the velocity and the
acceleration are in the opposite directions,
the speed is decreasing
Acceleration
Acceleration
is the
rate of change of
velocity. A change in
velocity can be either
a change in speed, or
direction, or both.
Deceleration is
when acceleration
has a negative value.
Acceleration
The
formula for calculating acceleration is:
Acceleration (a) = final velocity (vf) initial velocity (vi)
time (sec)
The
unit for velocity, in this case, is
m/s/s
OR
m/s2
Acceleration Math
Problem
A
jet starts at rest at the end
of a runway and reaches a speed of
80 m/s in 20 s. What is its
acceleration?
Acceleration Math
Problem
A
jet starts at rest at the end of a runway
and reaches a speed of 80 m/s in 20 s.
What is its acceleration?
Acceleration
(a) = final velocity (vf) initial velocity (vi)
time (sec)
= 80 m/s 0 m/s = 4 m/s2
20 sec
Acceleration Math
Problem
A
skateboarder is moving in a straight line at
a speed of 3 m/s and comes to a stop in 2 sec.
What is his acceleration?
a = 0 m/s - 3 m/s = -1.5 m/s2
2 m/s
Instantaneous & Uniform Acceleration
The
limit of the average acceleration as
the time interval goes to zero
When the instantaneous accelerations are
always the same, the acceleration will be
uniform
The instantaneous accelerations will all be equal
to the average acceleration
Relationship Between Acceleration & Velocity
Uniform velocity (shown by red arrows maintaining
the same size)
Acceleration equals zero
Relationship Between Velocity & Acceleration
Velocity and acceleration are in the same direction
Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the
same length)
Velocity is increasing (red arrows are getting
longer)
Positive velocity and positive acceleration
Relationship Between Velocity & Acceleration
Acceleration and velocity are in opposite
directions
Acceleration is uniform (blue arrows maintain the
same length)
Velocity is decreasing (red arrows are getting
shorter)
Velocity is positive and acceleration is negative
Kinematic Equations
Used
in
situations
with uniform
acceleration
V f Vi at
V Vi 2ax
2
f
2
1
x xi Vi t
at
2
Kinematic Equations - Ex #1
A
car traveling with an initial velocity
of 6 m/s, accelerates at 2 m/s2, for 6
seconds. What is the cars final
velocity?
Kinematic Equations - Ex #1 - Ans
A
car traveling with an initial velocity
of 6 m/s, accelerates at 2 m/s2, for 6
seconds. What is the cars final
velocity?
V f Vi at
m
m
m
V f 6 2 2 6 s 18
s
s
s
Kinematic Equations for Acceleration
Galileo Galilei
1564 - 1642
Galileo formulated the
laws that govern the
motion of objects in
free fall
Also looked at:
Inclined planes
Relative motion
Thermometers
Pendulum
Free Fall
All
objects moving under the influence of
gravity only are said to be in free fall
Free fall does not depend on the objects
original motion
All
objects falling near the earths surface
fall with a constant acceleration
The acceleration is called the acceleration
due to gravity, and indicated by g
Acceleration due to Gravity
Symbolized
by g
= 9.81 m/s2
g is always directed downward
toward the center of the earth
air resistance and assuming g
doesnt vary with altitude over short
vertical distances, free fall is constantly
accelerated motion
Ignoring
Free Fall an object dropped
Initial velocity is zero
Let up be positive
Use the kinematic equations
Generally use y instead of x
since vertical
Acceleration is g = -9.81 m/s2
vo= 0
a=g
Free Fall an object thrown downward
= g = -9.81 m/s2
Initial velocity 0
a
With upward being
positive, initial
velocity will be
negative
vo 0
a=g
Free Fall - example
If a rock is dropped from a
building, and it takes 18
seconds to reach the ground,
how tall is the building?
Free Fall - answer
What do we know?
m
Vi 0
s
V f ??
x ??
m
a 9.81 2
s
t 18 sec
Free Fall - answer
1 2
x(t) xi Vi t at
2
m
1
x(t) 0 0 (-9.81
)(18 sec)2
2
2
s
1587.6 0.986
x(t)
meters
miles
Motion
The
End
