Chapter 4
1. Digital Modulation
2. Digital Transmission
3. Multiple Access Methods
Modulation ---A process of changing
one or more properties of the analog
carrier
in
proportion
with
the
information signal.
Digital Modulation --- the transmittal
of digitally modulated analog signals
between to or more points in a
communications system.
Can be propagated through Earths
atmosphere and used in wireless
communication system - digital radio.
Traditional electronic
communicationss system.
Mostly replace with modern digital
modulation
transportation
Why Digital Modulation?
The modulation of digital signals with
analogue
carriers
allows
an
improvement in signal to noise ratio as
compared to analogue modulating
schemes.
Factor influence the choice of a
digital modulation
Forms of Digital Modulation
v(t ) V sin( 2ft )
If the amplitude, V of the carrier is varied
the information signal, a digital modulated
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
If the frequency, f of the carrier is varied
the information signal, a digital modulated
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
proportional to
signal is called
proportional to
signal is called
If the phase, of the carrier is varied proportional to the
information signal, a digital modulated signal is called
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
If both the amplitude and the phase, of the carrier are
varied proportional to the information signal, a digital
modulated
signal
is
called
Quadrature
Amplitude
Modulation (QAM)
Block Diagram
Simplified block diagram of a digital modulation system
Information Capacity, Bits,
Bit Rate, Baud, M-ary Encoding
Information capacity --- is a measure of how
much information can be propagated through a
communication system and it is a function of
bandwidth and transmission time.
It Represents the number of independent
symbols that can be carried through a system in
a given unit of time.
Basic digital symbol is the binary digit or bit.
Bit Rate ---is simply the number of bits
transmitted during one second and is expressed in
bits per second (bps)
Hartleys Law
I Bt
Where
I= information capacity (bps)
B = bandwidth (Hz)
t = transmission time (s)
From the equation, Information
capacity is a linear function of
bandwidth and transmission time and
directly proportional to both.
Shannons Formula
I B log 2 (1 NS )
or I 3.32 B log 10 (1 NS )
Where
I = information capacity (bps)
B = bandwidth (Hz)
=Nsignal to noise power ratio (unitless)
The higher S/N the better the performance
and the higher the information capacity
Example
Using the Shannons formula, what is
the theoretical maximum data rate
(information capacity) that can be
supported in 200 KHz channels for
SNR :
i) 10 dB
ii) 30 dB
What you can conclude from both
results?
M-ary Encoding
It is often advantageous to encode at
a level higher than binary where
there are more then two conditions
possible.
The number of bits necessary to
produce
a
given
number
of
N
M
conditions
is log 2 expressed
mathematically
as
Where N = number of bits necessary
M = number of conditions, level or combinations
possible with N bits.
Each symbol represents n bits, and
has M signal states, where M = 2N.
Baud & Minimum BW
Baud refers to the rate of change of a
signal on the transmission medium
after encoding and modulation have
occurred.
1
baud
ts
Where
baud = symbol rate (symbol per
second)
ts
= time of one signaling element
@ symbol
(seconds)
The Nyquist formulation for channel
capacity
f b 2 B log 2 M
Where
fb= channel capacity
(bps)
B = minimum Nyquist
bandwidth (Hz)
M = number of discrete
signal
Rearrange the equation to solve for the min. BW
necessary to pass digitally modulated carriers
fb
log 2 M
fb
baud
N
Where N is the
number of bits
encoded into each
signaling element.
With digital modulation , the baud and the ideal
min. Nyquist BW have the same and are equal to
the bit rate divided by the number of bit encoded.
This statement holds true for all forms of digital
modulation except frequency shift keying.
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
*also called as Digital amplitide modulation
(DAM)
The simplest digital modulation technique
A binary information signal directly
modulates the amplitude of an analog carrier.
vask (t ) [1 vm (t )] cos(c t )
A
2
Where vask (t) = amplitude shift
keying wave
vm(t) = digital information signal
(volt)
A/2 = unmodulated carrier
Digital Amplitude Modulation
A cos(c t ) for logic '1' , vm (t ) 1
vask (t )
0
for logic '0' , vm (t ) 1
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
Called as Binary Frequency Shift Keying
(BFSK)
The phase shift in carrier frequency (f) is
proportional to the amplitude of the binary
input signal (vm(t)) and the direction of the
shift is determined by the polarity
v fsk (t ) Vc cos 2 [ f c vm (t ) f ]t
Where vfsk(t) = binary FSK waveform
Vc = peak anlog carrier amplitude (volt)
fc = analog carrier center frequency (Hz)
f = peak shift in analog carrier frequency (Hz)
vm(t) = binary input signal (volt)
Vc cos 2 [ f c f ]t for logic '1' , vm (t ) 1
v fsk (t )
Vc cos 2 [ f c f ]t for logic '0' , vm (t ) 1
fm fs
2
where
f frequency deviation (Hz)
f m f s absolute difference between mark & space frequency (Hz)
B ( f s f b ) ( f m f b ) f s f m 2 f b 2(f f b )
Binary Input
Frequency Output
Space (fs)
Mark (fm)
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
Another form of angle-modulated, constant
amplitude digital modulation.
Binary digital signal input & limited number of
output phases possible.
M-ary digital modulation scheme with the
number of output phases defined by M.
The simplest PSK is Binary Phase-Shift
Keying (BPSK)
N= 1, M=2
Two phases possible for carrier with one
phase for logic 1 and another phase for
logic 0
The output carrier shifts between two
angles separated by 180
a) Truth Table
b) Phasor Diagram
c) Constellation Diagram
Contd...
BPSK Transmitter
BPSK Receiver
Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM)
Combine amplitude and phase-shift
keying.
Method of voice band data
transmission.
QAM = 4-PSK
Amplitude and phase shift keying can be combined
to transmit several bits per symbol.
Often referred to as linear as they require linear
amplification.
More bandwidth-efficient, but more susceptible
to noise.
For M = 4, 16QAM has the largest distance
between points, but requires very linear
amplification. 16PSK has less stringent linearity
requirements, but has less spacing between
constellation points, and is therefore more
affected by noise.
High level M-ary schemes (such as 64-QAM) are
very bandwidth-efficient but more susceptible to
noise and require linear amplification
Bandwidth Efficiency
Used to compare the performance of one digital
modulation technique to another.
B = Transmission bit rate (bps)
Minimum bandwidth (Hz)
CONCLUSION
To decide which modulation method
should be used , we need to make
considerations of
a)
b)
c)
Bandwidth
Speed of Modulation
Complexity of Hardware
Quiz
For 8-PSK system, operating with an
information bit rate of 30 kbps,
determine:
a. Baud
b. Minimum bandwidth
c. Bandwidth efficiency
