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Digital Modulation for Engineers

This document discusses several digital modulation techniques used in digital communications including: - Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) which represents binary values as different signal amplitudes. It is susceptible to noise but can achieve speeds up to 1200 bps. - Phase Shift Keying (PSK) which represents binary values by shifting the phase of the carrier signal. Binary PSK (BPSK) uses two phases while differential PSK (DPSK) compares the phase to the previous bit. - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) which combines ASK and PSK by sending two signals simultaneously using orthogonal carriers, allowing for multilevel signaling and higher data rates over a given bandwidth. However, it also increases potential error rates

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292 views12 pages

Digital Modulation for Engineers

This document discusses several digital modulation techniques used in digital communications including: - Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) which represents binary values as different signal amplitudes. It is susceptible to noise but can achieve speeds up to 1200 bps. - Phase Shift Keying (PSK) which represents binary values by shifting the phase of the carrier signal. Binary PSK (BPSK) uses two phases while differential PSK (DPSK) compares the phase to the previous bit. - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) which combines ASK and PSK by sending two signals simultaneously using orthogonal carriers, allowing for multilevel signaling and higher data rates over a given bandwidth. However, it also increases potential error rates

Uploaded by

ChowneinMaio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Digital Modulation Techniques

Digital modulation
techniques

05/10/16

ANALOG AND DIGITAL


COMMUNICATION

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)


In ASK, the two binary values are represented by to
different amplitudes of the carrier frequency
The resulting modulated signal for one bit time is
A cos(2f c t ), binary 1
s (t )
binary 0
0,

Susceptible to noise
Inefficient modulation technique
used for
up to 1200bps on voice grade lines
very high speeds over optical fiber
05/10/16

ANALOG AND DIGITAL


COMMUNICATION

Binary Frequency Shift Keying (BFSK)


The most common form of FSK is Binary FSK (BFSK)
Two binary values represented by two different
frequencies ( f1 and f2 )
A cos( 2f1t ), binary 1
s (t )
A cos( 2f 2t ), binary 0

f2

f2

f1

f1

f2

f1

f2

f2

f2

f1

f2

less susceptible to noise than ASK


used for
up to 1200bps on voice grade lines
high frequency radio (3 to 30MHz)
ANALOG AND DIGITAL
even higher frequency on LANs05/10/16
usingCOMMUNICATION
coaxial cable

Phase Shift Keying (PSK)


Phase of carrier signal is shifted to represent data
Binary PSK (BPSK): two phases represent two
binary digits
binary 1
A cos(2f c t ),
s (t )

A cos( 2f c t ), binary 0
binary 1
A cos( 2f c t ),

A cos(2f c t ), binary 0
Ad (t ) cos( 2f c t ),

d (t ) 1

05/10/16

ANALOG AND DIGITAL


COMMUNICATION

Differential PSK (DPSK)


In DPSK, the phase shift is with reference to the previous bit
transmitted rather than to some constant reference signal
Binary 0:signal burst with the same phase as the previous one
Binary 1:signal burst of opposite phase to the preceding one

05/10/16

ANALOG AND DIGITAL


COMMUNICATION

Four-level PSK: Quadrature PSK


(QPSK)

More efficient use of bandwidth if each signal element


represents more than one bit

eg. shifts of /2 (90o)


each signal element represents two bits
split input data stream in two & modulate onto the phase of the carrier

A cos( 2f c t 4 )

3
A cos(2f c t
)

4
s (t )
3
A cos( 2f c t
)
4

A cos( 2f c t 4 )

11

01

00

10

can use 8 phase angles & more than one amplitude


AND DIGITAL
9600bps modem uses 12 phase angles, fourANALOG
of which
have two
05/10/16 COMMUNICATION

QPSK and Offset QPSK (OQPSK)


Modulators

QPSK :
OQPSK :

1
1
I (t ) cos( 2f c t )
Q (t ) sin( 2f c t )
2
2
1
1
s (t )
I (t ) cos( 2f c t )
Q (t Tb ) sin( 2f c t )
2
2ANALOG AND DIGITAL
s (t )

05/10/16

COMMUNICATION

Performance of ASK, FSK, MFSK, PSK


and MPSK
Bandwidth Efficiency
ASK/PSK:
MPSK:

data rate
R
1

,
transmission bandwidth BT 1 r

R log 2 M

,
BT
1 r

0 r 1

M : number of different signal elements

R
log 2 M

MFSK:
BT (1 r ) M

Bit Error Rate (BER)


bit error rate of PSK and QPSK are about 3dB superior to
ASK and FSK

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

05/10/16

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation


(QAM)
QAM used on asymmetric digital subscriber line
(ADSL) and some wireless standards
combination of ASK and PSK
logical extension of QPSK
send two different signals simultaneously on
same carrier frequency
use two copies of carrier, one shifted by 90
each carrier is ASK modulated

05/10/16

ANALOG AND DIGITAL


COMMUNICATION

10

QAM modulator

QAM :

s (t ) d1 (t ) cos( 2f c t ) d 2 (t ) sin( 2f c t )


ASK

ASK

05/10/16

ANALOG AND DIGITAL


COMMUNICATION

11

QAM Variants
Two level ASK (two different amplitude levels)
each of two streams in one of two states
four state system
essentially QPSK

Four level ASK (four different amplitude levels)


combined stream in one of 16 states

Have 64 and 256 state systems


Improved data rate for given bandwidth
but increased potential error rate
05/10/16

ANALOG AND DIGITAL


COMMUNICATION

12

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