Introduction and Overview of Manufacturing

Chapter1

INTRODUCTION AND
OVERVIEW OF MANUFACTURING
1. What is Manufacturing?
2. Materials in Manufacturing
3. Manufacturing Processes
4. Production Systems
5. Trends in Manufacturing

1. What is
Manufacturing?
The word manufacture is derived from two Latin

words manus (hand) and factus (make); the

combination means made by hand
Made by hand accurately described the
fabrication methods that were used when the
English word manufacture was first coined
around 1567 A.D.
Most modern manufacturing operations are
accomplished by mechanized and automated
equipment that is supervised by human workers
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Introduction
Conversion of raw material to finished goods
Adds value, enormous value, just check out

China
Dictionary defines as making of articles by
physical labour or machinery, especially on a
large scale

Era
Industrial
Revolution

Scientific
Management

Events/Concepts

Steam engine
Division of labor
Interchangeable parts
Principles of scientific
management
Time and motion studies

Dates
1769
1776
1790

Originator
James Watt

Adam Smith
Eli Whitney

1911

Frederick W. Taylor

1911

Activity scheduling chart

1912

Frank and Lillian

Gilbreth
Henry Gantt

Moving assembly line

1913

Henry Ford

1-5

Era

Events/Concepts

Human
Relations

Motivation theories

Operations
Research

Hawthorne studies

Linear programming
Digital computer
Simulation, waiting
line theory, decision
theory, PERT/CPM
MRP, EDI, EFT, CIM

Dates

Originator

1950s

Operations research
groups

1930
1940s
1950s
1960s
1947
1951

1960s,
1970s

Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Elton Mayo
Abraham Maslow
Frederick Herzberg
Douglas McGregor
George Dantzig
Remington Rand

Joseph Orlicky, IBM

and others

1-6

Era

Events/Concepts
JIT (just-in-time)
TQM (total quality

Quality

management)
Strategy and

Revolution

operations

Dates Originator
1970s
1980s
1980s

Reengineering

1990s

Six Sigma

1990s

Taiichi Ohno (Toyota)

W. Edwards Deming,
Joseph Juran
Wickham Skinner,
Robert Hayes
Michael Hammer,
James Champy
GE, Motorola

1-7

Era

Internet
Revolution

Events/Concepts

Dates Originator

Internet, WWW, ERP,

1990s
supply chain management

ARPANET, Tim
Berners-Lee SAP,
i2 Technologies,

E-commerce
Globalization

WTO, European Union,

Global supply chains,
Outsourcing, Service
Science

2000s

ORACLE,
Dell
Amazon, Yahoo,

1990s

eBay, Google, and

others
China, India,
emerging
economies

2000s

1-8

Era

Green
Revolution

Events/Concepts

Global warming, An
Inconvenient Truth, Kyoto

Dates Originator
Today

Numerous
scientists,
statesmen and
governments

1-9

Manufacturing is
Important
Making things has been an essential human

activity since before recorded history

Today, the term manufacturing is used for
this activity
Manufacturing is important to the Canada
and most other developed and developing
nations
Technologically
Economically
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Technological
Importance

Technology - the application of science to

provide society and its members with those
things that are needed or desired
Technology provides the products that help
our society and its members live better
What do these products have in common?
They are all manufactured
Manufacturing is the essential factor that
makes technology possible
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Economic Importance
U.S. Economy
Sector:
%GDP
Agriculture and natural resources
5
Construction and public utilities 5
Manufacturing
15
Service industries*
75
100
* includes retail, transportation, banking,
communication, education, and government
12

Canadian
manufacturers
and
Economic Importance of Manufacturing
in Canada
exporters
http://www.cme-mec.ca/

13

Manufacturing Technological
Application of physical and chemical processes

to alter the geometry, properties, and/or

appearance of a starting material to make
parts or products

14

Manufacturing Economic
Transformation of materials into items of greater

value by one or more processing and/or

assembly operations

15

Manufacturing
Industries
Industry consists of enterprises and organizations

that produce or supply goods and services

Industries can be classified as:
1. Primary industries - cultivate and exploit natural
resources, e.g., agriculture, mining
2. Secondary industries - take the outputs of
primary industries and convert them into
consumer and capital goods
3. Tertiary industries - service sector

16

Specific Industries in
Each Category

17

Manufacturing
Industries Secondary industries include manufacturing,
continued
construction,
and electric power generation
Manufacturing includes several industries whose

products are not covered in this book; e.g.,

apparel, beverages, chemicals, and food
processing
For our purposes, manufacturing means
production of hardware
Nuts and bolts, forgings, cars, airplanes, digital
computers, plastic parts, and ceramic products
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Manufactured Products
Final products divide into two major classes:
1. Consumer goods - products purchased directly
by consumers
Cars, clothes, TVs, tennis rackets
2. Capital goods - those purchased by companies
to produce goods and/or provide services
Aircraft, computers, communication
equipment, medical apparatus, trucks,
machine tools, construction equipment

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Production
Quantity Q
The quantity of products Q made by a factory has
an important influence on the way its people,
facilities, and procedures are organized
Annual quantities can be classified into three
ranges:
Production range
Annual Quantity Q
Low production
1 to 100 units
Medium production 100 to 10,000 units
High production
10,000 to millions of units
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Product Variety P
Product variety P refers to different product

types or models produced in the plant

Different products have different features
They are intended for different markets
Some have more parts than others
The number of different product types made
each year in a factory can be counted
When the number of product types made in the
factory is high, this indicates high product
variety
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P vs Q in Factory
Operations

22

More About Product

Variety
Although P is quantitative, it is much less exact

than Q because details on how much the designs

differ is not captured simply by the number of
different designs
Soft product variety - small differences between
products, e.g., between car models made on the
same production line, with many common parts
Hard product variety - products differ
substantially, e.g., between a small car and a
large truck, with few common parts (if any)
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Manufacturing
Capability
A manufacturing plant consists of processes and

systems (and people) to transform a certain limited

range of materials into products of increased value
The three building blocks materials, processes,
and systems are the subject of modern
manufacturing
Manufacturing capability includes:
1. Technological processing capability
2. Physical product limitations
3. Production capacity
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1. Technological Processing
Capability
The set of available manufacturing processes in the
plant (or company)
Certain manufacturing processes are suited to
certain materials, so by specializing in certain
processes, the plant is also specializing in certain
materials
Includes not only the physical processes, but also
the expertise of the plant personnel
A machine shop cannot roll steel
A steel mill cannot build cars
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2. Physical Product
Limitations
Given a plant with a certain set of processes,

there are size and weight limitations on the

parts or products that can be made in the plant
Product size and weight affect:
Production equipment
Material handling equipment
Production, material handling equipment, and
plant size must be planned for products that lie
within a certain size and weight range
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3. Production Capacity
Defined as the maximum quantity that a plant
can produce in a given time period (e.g., month
or year) under assumed operating conditions
Operating conditions refer to number of shifts per
week, hours per shift, direct labor manning levels
in the plant, and so on
Usually measured in terms of output units, such
as tons of steel or number of cars produced by
the plant
Also called plant capacity
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2. Materials in
Manufacturing

28

 Most engineering materials can be classified

into one of three basic categories:

1. Metals
2. Ceramics
3. Polymers
Their chemistries are different, and their
mechanical and physical properties are different
These differences affect the manufacturing
processes that can be used to produce products
from them
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In Addition: Composites
Nonhomogeneous mixtures of the other three

basic types rather than a unique category

Venn diagram

of three basic
material types
plus
composites

30

1. Metals
Usually alloys, which are composed of two

or more elements, at least one of which is

metallic. Two basic groups:
1. Ferrous metals - based on iron, comprises
about 75% of metal tonnage in the world:

Steel and cast iron

2. Nonferrous metals - all other metallic

elements and their alloys:

Aluminum, copper, nickel, silver, tin, etc.
31

Charging a
basic oxygen
furnace in
steelmaking:
molten pig iron
is poured into
the BOF.
Temperatures
are around
1650C (3000F).

32

2. Ceramics
Compounds containing metallic (or semimetallic) and nonmetallic elements.
Typical nonmetallic elements are oxygen,
nitrogen, and carbon
For processing, ceramics divide into:
1. Crystalline ceramics includes:

2.

Traditional ceramics, such as clay, and modern

ceramics, such as alumina (Al2O3)

Glasses mostly based on silica (SiO2)

33

3. Polymers
Compound formed of repeating structural units
called mers, whose atoms share electrons to
form very large molecules. Three categories:
1. Thermoplastic polymers - can be subjected to
multiple heating and cooling cycles without
altering molecular structure
2. Thermosetting polymers - molecules chemically
transform into a rigid structure cannot reheat
3. Elastomers - shows significant elastic behavior

34

4. Composites
Material consisting of two or more phases that are
processed separately and then bonded together to
achieve properties superior to its constituents
Phase - homogeneous mass of material, such as
grains of identical unit cell structure in a solid metal
Usual structure consists of particles or fibers of one
phase mixed in a second phase
Properties depend on components, physical shapes
of components, and the way they are combined to
form the final material

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Manufacturing Today

36

Relative Cost vs. Dimensional

Tolerance

37

3. Manufacturing
Processes
Two basic types:
1. Processing operations - transform a work
material from one state of completion to a
more advanced state
Operations that change the geometry,
properties, or appearance of the starting
material
2. Assembly operations - join two or more
components to create a new entity
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39

Processing
Operations
Alters a materials shape, physical properties, or
appearance in order to add value
Three categories of processing operations:
1. Shaping operations - alter the geometry of
the starting work material
2. Propertyenhancing operations - improve
physical properties without changing shape
3. Surface processing operations - clean, treat,
coat, or deposit material on surface of work

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Shaping Processes Four

Categories
1. Solidification processes - starting material

is a heated liquid or semifluid

2. Particulate processing - starting material
consists of powders
3. Deformation processes - starting material
is a ductile solid (commonly metal)
4. Material removal processes - starting
material is a ductile or brittle solid

41

Solidification Processes
Starting material is heated sufficiently to

transform it into a liquid or highly plastic state

Casting process at left and casting product at
right

42

Particulate Processing
(1) Starting materials are metal or ceramic

powders, which are (2) pressed and (3)

sintered

43

Deformation Processes
Starting workpart is shaped by application

of forces that exceed the yield strength of

the material
Examples: (a) forging and (b) extrusion

44

Material Removal
Processes
Excess material removed from the starting

piece so what remains is the desired

geometry
Examples: (a) turning, (b) drilling, and (c)
milling

45

Metal chips fly in a high

speed turning operation
performed on a computer
numerical control turning
center (photo courtesy of
Cincinnati Milacron).

46

Waste in Shaping
Processes
It is desirable to minimize waste in part shaping
Material removal processes are wasteful in the

unit operations, but molding and particulate

processing operations waste little material
Terminology for minimum waste processes:
Net shape processes - little or no waste of the
starting material and no machining is required
Near net shape processes - when minimum
machining is required

47

PropertyEnhancing
Processes
Processes that improve mechanical or physical
properties of work material
Examples:
Heat treatment of metals and glasses
Sintering of powdered metals and ceramics
Part shape is not altered, except
unintentionally
Example: unintentional warping of a heat
treated part
48

A batch of silicon wafers enters a furnace heated to 1000C

(1800F) during fabrication of integrated circuits under clean
room conditions (photo courtesy of Intel Corporation).

49

Surface Processing
Operations
Cleaning - chemical and mechanical processes to

remove dirt, oil, and other surface contaminants

Surface treatments - mechanical working such as
sand blasting, and physical processes like
diffusion
Coating and thin film deposition - coating exterior
surface of the workpart. Examples:
Electroplating
Physical vapor deposition
Painting

50

Photomicrograph of the cross section of

multiple coatings of titanium nitride and
aluminum oxide on a cemented carbide
substrate (photo courtesy of Kennametal Inc.).

51

Assembly
Operations
Two or more separate parts are joined to form
a new entity
Types of assembly operations:
1.

Joining processes create a permanent joint

2.

Welding, brazing, soldering, adhesive bonding

Mechanical assembly fastening by

mechanical methods

Threaded fasteners (screws, bolts and nuts);

press fitting, expansion fits

52

Two welders perform

arc welding on a
large steel pipe
section (photo
courtesy of Lincoln
Electric Company).

53

Automated dispensing
of adhesive onto
component parts prior
to assembly (photo
courtesy of EFD, Inc.).

54

Production Machines and

Tooling
Manufacturing operations are accomplished

using machinery and tooling (and people)

Types of production machines:

Machine tools - power-driven machines used to

operate cutting tools previously operated

manually
Other production equipment:
Presses
Forge hammers,
Plastic injection molding machines

55

A robotic arm performs

unloading and loading
operation in a turning
center using a dual
gripper (photo courtesy
of Cincinnati Milacron).

56

Class Activity
You need to remove some material from a

piece of small-diameter, low-carbon steel rod.

How many ways can you think of to do it?
Can you do it with no tools at all?
List the tools required by each method.

57

Some Solutions
Rub the metal piece against a rough

concrete sidewalk, brick, or rough stone.

No tools required.
File the metal. File required.
Sand the metal. Sandpaper required.
Remove the metal with a whetstone.
Whetstone required.
Melt the metal off with a torch. Cutting
torch required.

58

Saw the metal off. Hacksaw required.

Remove the metal by turning. Lathe

required.
Place the piece in a drill, start the drill, and
hold a file against the metal. File and drill
required.
Remove the metal by milling. Milling
machine required.
Grind the metal off. Grinder required.
Wet the metal, let it rust, then rub off the
corrosion. No tools required.
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4. Production
Systems
People, equipment, and procedures used for the
materials and processes that constitute a firm's
manufacturing operations
A manufacturing firm must have systems and
procedures to efficiently accomplish its production
Two categories of production systems:
Production facilities
Manufacturing support systems
People make the systems work

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Production
Facilities

The factory, production equipment, and material

handling systems
Includes the way the equipment is arranged in the
factory the plant layout
Equipment usually organized into logical groupings,
called manufacturing systems. Examples:
Automated production line
Machine cell consisting of an industrial robot and two

machine tools

Production facilities "touch" the product

61

Machine cell
consisting of
two horizontal
machining
centers
supplied by an
in-line pallet
shuttle.

62

Facilities vs Product
Quantities

A company designs its manufacturing

systems and organizes its factories to serve
the particular mission of each plant
Certain types of production facilities are
recognized as most appropriate for a given
type of manufacturing:
1. Low production 1 to 100
2. Medium production 100 to 10,000
3. High production 10,000 to >1,000,000
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Low Production
Job shop is the term used for this type of
production facility
A job shop makes low quantities of specialized
and customized products
Products are typically complex, e.g., space
capsules, prototype aircraft, special machinery
Equipment in a job shop is general purpose
Labor force is highly skilled
Designed for maximum flexibility

64

Fixed-Position Plant
Layout

65

Medium Production
Two different types of facility, depending on

product variety:
Batch production
Suited to medium and hard product variety
Setups required between batches

Cellular manufacturing
Suited to soft product variety
Worker cells organized to process parts without
setups between different part styles
66

Process Plant Layout

67

Cellular Plant Layout

68

High Production
Often referred to as mass production
High demand for product
Manufacturing system dedicated to the
production of that product
Two categories of mass production:
1. Quantity production
2. Flow line production

69

Quantity Production
Mass production of single parts on single
machine or small numbers of machines
Typically involves standard machines
equipped with special tooling
Equipment is dedicated full-time to the
production of one part or product type
Typical layouts used in quantity production
are process layout and cellular layout

70

Flow Line Production

Multiple machines or workstations arranged in
sequence, e.g., production lines
Product is complex
Requires multiple processing and/or assembly
operations
Work units are physically moved through the
sequence to complete the product
Workstations and equipment are designed
specifically for the product to maximize
efficiency
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Product Plant Layout

72

Assembly workers on
an engine assembly
line (photo courtesy of
Ford Motor Company).

73

Manufacturing Support
Systems
A company must organize itself to design the

processes and equipment, plan and control

production, and satisfy product quality
requirements
Accomplished by manufacturing support systems

The people and procedures by which a company

manages its production operations

Typical departments:
Manufacturing engineering, Production
planning and control, Quality control

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5. Trends in
Manufacturing
Lean production and Six Sigma
Globalization and outsourcing
Environmentally conscious manufacturing
Microfabrication and Nanotechnology

75

Lean Production and Six

Sigma
Lean production
Doing more work with fewer resources, yet

achieving higher quality in the final product

Underlying objective: elimination of waste in
manufacturing

Six Sigma
Quality-focused program that utilizes worker
teams to accomplish projects aimed at
improving an organizations organizational
performance
76

Globalization
The recognition that we have an international
economy in which barriers once established by
national boundaries have been reduced
This has enabled the freer flow of goods and
services, capital, technology, and people among
regions and countries
Once underdeveloped countries such as China,
India, and Mexico have developed their
manufacturing infrastructures and technologies so
that they are now important producers in the
global economy
77

Outsourcing
Use of outside contractors to perform work that
was traditionally accomplished in-house
Local outsourcing
Jobs remain in the U.S.

Outsourcing to foreign countries

Offshore outsourcing - production in China and
other overseas locations
Near-shore outsourcing - production in Canada,
Mexico, and Central America
78

Environmentally
Conscious
Manufacturing
Determining the most
efficient use of materials

and natural resources in production, and

minimizing the negative consequences on the
environment
Associated terms: green manufacturing,
cleaner production, sustainable manufacturing
Basic approaches:
1. Design products that minimize environmental

impact
2. Design processes that are environmentally
friendly

79

Microfabrication and
Nanotechnology
Microfabrication
Processes that make parts and products whose

feature sizes are in the micron range (10-6 m)

Examples: Ink-jet printing heads, compact
disks, microsensors used in automobiles

Nanotechnology
Materials and products whose feature sizes are
in the nanometer range (10-9 m)
Examples: Coatings for catalytic converters, flat
screen TV monitors
80

Overview of Major Topics

81