1

CHAPTER

MECHANICS OF
SOLID (MOS)
Introduction
Concept of Stress

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Contents

Concept of Stress

Bearing Stress in Connections

Review of Statics Structure

Stress Analysis & Design Example

Free-Body Diagram

Rod & Boom Normal Stresses

Component Free-Body Diagram

Pin Shearing Stresses Pin Bearing

Method of Joints Stress

Stresses

Analysis

Stress in Two Force Members

Design Axial Loading:

Stress on an Oblique Plane

Normal Stress Centric &

Maximum Stresses Stress

Eccentric Loading Shearing

Under General Loadings State

Stress Shearing Stress

of Stress

Examples

Factor of Safety

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Suggested Problems

Chapter 1
1.1, 1.2, 1.6, 1.8, 1.10,
1.12, 1.15, 1.18, 1.23, 1.28,
1.32, 1.38, 1.41, 1.45, 1.48,
1.51, 1.61, 1.62, 1.65, 1.67,
1.70
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Concept of Stress

The main objective of the study of mechanics of

solids is to provide the future engineer with the means
of analyzing and designing various machines and
load bearing structures.
Both the analysis and design of a given
structure involve the determination of stresses and
deformations. This chapter is devoted to the
concept of stress.

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Review of Statics

The structure is designed

to support a 30 kN load
The structure consists of a
boom and rod joined by pins
(zero moment connections) at
the junctions and supports
Perform a static analysis to
determine the internal force in
each structural member and the
reaction forces at the supports

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

Structure Free-Body Diagram

Structure is detached from supports and
the loads and reaction forces are
indicated
Conditions for static equilibrium:
M C 0 Ax 0.6 m 30kN 0.8 m
Ax 40kN

Fx 0 Ax Cx
Cx Ax 40kN

Fy 0 Ay C y 30kN 0
Ay C y 30kN

Ay and Cy can not be determined from

these equations
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

Component Free-Body Diagram

In addition to the complete structure,
each
component must satisfy the
conditions for static equilibrium
Consider a free-body diagram for the
boom:
M B 0 Ay 0.8 m
Ay 0

substitute into the structure

equilibrium equation
C y 30kN
A 40kN Cx 40kN C y 30kN

Results:
Reaction forces are directed along
boom and rod

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Method of Joints

The boom and rod are 2-force members, i.e.,

the members are subjected to only two
forces which are applied at member ends
For equilibrium, the forces must be parallel to
to an axis between the force application
points, equal in magnitude, and in opposite
directions
Joints must satisfy the conditions for static
equilibrium which may be expressed in
the form of a force triangle:

FB 0

FAB FBC 30kN

4 5
3
FAB 40kN
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FBC 50kN
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Stress Analysis

Can the structure safely support the 30 kN

load?
From a statics analysis
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)

dBC = 20 mm

At any section through member BC, the

internal force is 50 kN with a force
intensity or stress of
BC P
A

50103 N

31410-6 m2

159
MPa

From the material properties for steel,

the allowable stress is
all 165 MPa

Conclusion: the strength of member BC is

adequate
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Design

Design of new structures requires selection of

appropriate materials and component
dimensions to meet performance requirements
For reasons based on cost, weight, availability,
etc., the choice is made to construct the rod
from aluminum all= 100 MPa) What is an
appropriate choice for the rod diameter?
all P

all

A
A

50103 N
100106 Pa

500106 m2

d2

A 4 500106 m2
2

2.5210
m 25.2
mm

mm or more in diameter is
An aluminum
rod 26
adequate
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Axial Loading: Normal Stress
The resultant of the internal forces for an
axially loaded member is normal to a section
cut perpendicular to the member axis.
The force intensity on that section is defined
as the normal stress.
lim

A0 A

P
ave

The normal stress at a particular point may not

be equal to the average stress but the resultant of
the stress distribution must satisfy
P

ave A

dF dA
A

The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from
statics alone.
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Centric & Eccentric Loading

A uniform distribution of stress in a section

infers that the line of action for the resultant
of the internal forces passes through the
centroid of the section.
A uniform distribution of stress is only
possible if the concentrated loads on the end
sections of two-force members are applied
at the section centroids. This is referred to
as centric loading.
If a two-force member is eccentrically
loaded, then the resultant of the stress
distribution in a section must yield an axial
force and a moment.
The stress distributions in eccentrically
loaded members cannot be uniform or
symmetric.

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Shearing Stress

Forces P and P are applied transversely to the

member AB.
Corresponding internal forces act in the
plane of section C and are called shearing
forces.
The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the
section and is equal to the load P.
The corresponding
average shear stress is,
P

ave

Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the

member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed
to be uniform.
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Shearing Stress Examples
Single Shear

ave P F
A
A

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Double Shear

ave P F
A
A

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Bearing Stress in Connections
Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of
contact or bearing surfaces of
the members they connect.
The resultant of the force
distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the
force exerted on the pin.
Corresponding average force
intensity is called the
bearing stress,
b P P
A
d
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Stress Analysis & Design Example
Would like to determine the
stresses in the members
and connections of the
structure shown.
From a statics analysis:
FAB = 40 kN (compression)
FBC = 50 kN (tension)
Must consider maximum
normal stresses in AB and
BC, and the shearing
stress and bearing stress
at each pinned connection

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

Rod & Boom Normal Stresses

The rod is in tension with an axial force of 50 kN.
At the rod center, the average normal stress in the
circular cross-section (A = 314x10-6m2) is BC = +159
MPa.
At the flattened rod ends, the smallest crosssectional area occurs at the pin centerline,
A 20mm40mm 25mm 300106 m2

BC,end P
A

50103 N

300106 m2 167MPa

The boom is in compression with an axial force of

40 kN and average normal stress of 26.7 MPa.
The minimum area sections at the boom ends
are unstressed since the boom is in
compression.
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Pin Shearing Stresses

The cross-sectional area for pins at A,

B,
and C,
A r 2

25mm

6 2
2 49110 m

The force on the pin at C is equal to

the force exerted by the rod BC,
C,ave P
A

50103 N

491106 m2 102MPa

The pin at A is in double shear with a

total force equal to the force exerted
by the boom AB,
A,ave P
A
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20kN

40.7
491106 m2 MPa
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Pin Shearing Stresses

Divide the pin at B into sections to

determine
the section with the largest shear force,
PE 15kN
PG 25kN (largest)

Evaluate the corresponding

25kN
P
average
shearing
stress, 50.9
G
B,ave
A

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491106 m2 MPa

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Pin Bearing Stresses

To determine the bearing stress at A in the boom AB,

we have t = 30 mm and d = 25 mm,
b

P
td

40kN

30mm25mm

53.3MPa

To determine the bearing stress at A in the bracket,

we have t = 2(25 mm) = 50 mm and d = 25 mm,
P

40kN
td

32.0
MPa

50mm25mm

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

Stress in Two Force Members

Axial forces on a two force
member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member axis.
Transverse forces on bolts and
pins result in only shear stresses
on the plane perpendicular to
bolt or pin axis.
Will show that either axial or
transverse forces may produce both
normal and shear stresses with
respect to a plane other than one cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Stress on an Oblique Plane

Pass a section through the member

forming an angle with the normal
plane.
From equilibrium conditions, the
distributed forces (stresses) on the
plane must be equivalent to the force P.
Resolve P into components normal
and tangential to the oblique section,
F P cos

V Psin

The average normal and shear stresses

on the oblique
plane
P cos
are
F
P
A

A
0

cos

cos2

A0

P
P
A Asin

sin cos

0
A0
cos

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Maximum Stresses
Normal and shearing stresses on an
oblique plane

cos2

A0

sin cos

A0

The maximum normal stress occurs when the

reference plane is perpendicular to the
member axis,
m

P
A0

The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at

+ 45o with respect to the axis,
m

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sin 45 cos45

A0

P
2A0

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

Stress Under General Loadings

A member subjected to a general
combination of loads is cut into
two segments by a plane passing
through Q
The distribution of internal
stress components may be
defined as, F x
x lim
A
A0

V x
xy
A0 A
y

xz

V zx
lim A
A0

lim
For equilibrium,
an equal and
opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on
the other segment of the member.
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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
State of Stress

Stress components are defined for the

planes cut parallel to the x, y and z axes.
For equilibrium, equal and opposite
stresses are exerted on the hidden planes.
The combination of forces generated by
the stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
Fx Fy F z 0
Mx M y Mz 0

Consider the moments about the z axis:

M z 0 xy Aa

yxA

similarly,
and

yz zy
yz
zy

xy yx

It follows that only 6 components of stress

are required to define the complete state of
stress

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
Factor of Safety
Structural members or machines
must be designed such that the
working stresses are less than
the ultimate strength of the
material.
FS Factor of safety
u ultimate stress
FS

allowable stress
all

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Factor of safety considerations:

uncertainty in material properties
uncertainty of loadings
uncertainty of analyses
number of loading cycles
types of failure
maintenance requirements and
deterioration effects
importance of member to structures
integrity
risk to life and property
influence on machine function

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

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MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

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