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Introduction To Database: Prepared By:-Vivek Juneja

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68 views13 pages

Introduction To Database: Prepared By:-Vivek Juneja

Uploaded by

ajabkaushik
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Database

Prepared By:- Vivek Juneja


Topics
Introduction to Database System.

 Definition.
 Approach.
 Types.
 Database Language.
 Database structure.

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Introduction to Database System

 Definition

In the broadest sense, a database is anything that stores data.

A phone book, for instance, could be considered a database as it


stores related pieces of information such as name and phone number.

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Introduction to Database System

 Approach

There are basically two kind of approaches for storing and accessing
information from database.

 Traditional-File-Based Approach

 Database Based Approach.

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Introduction to Database System

 Traditional-File based Approach.

Managing Data on paper/ledger/spread sheet.


 Each program defines and manages its own data

Advantages :-

 Good for Low-volume data.


 Low-cost.

Limitations :-
 Separation and isolation of data
 Duplication of data.
 Data Dependencies.
 Incompatibility of files.
 Fixed Queries.
 No Security of data.

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Introduction to Database System

 Database based Approach.

Managing Data by DataBase Management System (DBMS).


 A shared collection of logically related data, designed to meet
the information needs of an organization

 Advantages –

 Centralization of data.
 Secure and redundant data.
 Provides Scalability, flexibility and robustness.
 Providing storage structure for efficient query processing.
 Easy and efficient backup and recovery solutions.

 Disadvantages –

Complexity, Size, Cost of DBMSs, Additional H/W costs.


Cost of conversion.

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Types of DBMS

 Hierarchical Model

Network Model

Relational Model

Object Oriented Database.

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Types of DBMS

Hierarchical Model

 It was the first DBMS model.


 Improvement of the flat-file database system.
 The data is sorted hierarchically, using a downward tree.
 Relationships in the hierarchical model are child/parent relationships, a child entity
can only have one and only one parent.(1-M)
Disadvantage :- Duplicate Data, Inflexibility, 1-M relationship restriction.

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Types of DBMS

Network Model

 The network model is an improvement to the hierarchical model.


 In the network model, a child entity can have more than one parent. (M-M)
 Data in the network model can be accessed from an entity as opposed to the hierarchical model
that requires access from the root entity

Disadvantages :- complex designs , modifying the structure of the database becomes a difficult task.

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Types of DBMS

Relational Model

 This model is an improvement to the hierarchical model & Network model


 Data Stores in 2 dimensional tabular i.e. row( tuple)-column(attribute). Can have relationship of 1-
1, 1-M, M-M.
 Flexible compare to other models.
 Introduces the complexity of enforcing integrity constraints.

Disadvantages :- complex designs , costly.

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Database Language - SQL

 Structured Query Language (SQL) is a 4GL language designed for the retrieval and
management of data in relational database.

 SQL was developed at IBM by Andrew Richardson, Donald C. Messerly and Raymond F.
Boyce in the early 1970s. This version, initially called SEQUEL, was designed to manipulate
and retrieve data stored in IBM's original relational database.

 Easy to learn.

 Types of SQL Statements are :-

 Data Manipulation Language - DML

select , update , delete, insert.

 Data Definition language - DDL

create, drop, alter

 Data control language - DCL

Commit, Rollback

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Database Structure

 Physical Structure.

Blocks, Datafiles, controlfiles, logfiles, parameter files,


N/W files.

 Logical structure

Table, Index, Tablespace, View etc.

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Thank You

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