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Intr. Mixed Signal.

The document discusses analog and mixed-signal VLSI design. It explains that while digital signal processing has advantages like robustness and programmability, analog circuits are still needed because the physical world and many sensors produce analog signals and certain functions like filtering require analog circuits. Mixed-signal chips that integrate both analog and digital circuits on a single die are widely used in applications like communications. The challenges of analog design include dealing with multi-dimensional tradeoffs and sensitivity to noise and interference. CMOS technology is well-suited for mixed-signal integration due to allowing large-scale integration of digital and analog circuits at low cost.

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suhas13
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96 views

Intr. Mixed Signal.

The document discusses analog and mixed-signal VLSI design. It explains that while digital signal processing has advantages like robustness and programmability, analog circuits are still needed because the physical world and many sensors produce analog signals and certain functions like filtering require analog circuits. Mixed-signal chips that integrate both analog and digital circuits on a single die are widely used in applications like communications. The challenges of analog design include dealing with multi-dimensional tradeoffs and sensitivity to noise and interference. CMOS technology is well-suited for mixed-signal integration due to allowing large-scale integration of digital and analog circuits at low cost.

Uploaded by

suhas13
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analog & mixed mode VLSI design

06EC63
VLSI (very large scale integration)
technology has moved many application
from analog to digital.
Advantages of Digital signal processing
compared with analog signal processing:
• Robustness: digital signal processing is
insensitive to process variations, supply voltage
change, temperature variation, interference, and
ageing.
• Programmability: digital signal processing
algorithms can be changed fairly easily by
changing the coefficients or the software codes.
• Flexibility: some signal processing algorithms
have extra degree of freedom if implemented in
digital, such as linear phase filter.
• As many applications have moved to digital
domain, analog circuits seem obsolete.
why Analog ？
• Why analog circuit designers are in strong
demand today. Why?!!!
The physical world is in analog (at macroscopic level),
such as
• The output signals of many signal sources are all
in analog form, such as microphones, a
temperature sensors in automobile engines, and
the photo cells in digital cameras, are all in
analog form.
• The speakers in mobile phones and computer
monitors need analog input signal.
• The RF signals in space and at the antenna are
also in analog.
• some functions can not be replaced by
digital signal processing, such as analog-to-
digital and digital-to-analog conversion,
filtering, and so on.
• A mixed-signal integrated circuit is any
integrated circuit that has both analog
circuits and digital circuits on a single
semiconductor die.
• Typically, mixed-signal chips perform
some whole function or sub-function in a
larger assembly such as the radio
subsystem of a cell phone, or the read
data path and laser slide control logic of a
DVD player. They often contain an entire
system on a chip.
• Examples of mixed-signal integrated
circuits.
• Data converters using delta sigma
modulation.
• ADC/DAC using error detection,error
correction.
• Digital Radio chips.
Analog signals versus Digital signals:

• Signal: A signal will be considered to be any detectable


value of voltage, current, or charge. A signal should
convey information about the state or behavior of a
physical system.

• Analog signal is a signal that is defined over a continuous


range of time and a continuous range of amplitudes.

• Digital signal is a signal that is defined only at discrete


values of amplitude, or said another way, a digital signal
is quantized to discrete values.
Applications:
Communications: cell phones, personal
data assistants (PDA), wireless radios for
base-stations, routers, modems, wireless
sensor networks.
• Consumer Electronics: audio, TV, video,
digital cameras, automotive control, toys.
• Measurement & Instrumentation:
medical equipment, lab bench equipment,
semiconductor test equipment, scientific
equipment.
• Computing and Control: data
acquisition, storage media, sound cards.
We need
• Analog-to-digital converters (ADC) to
digitize the input signal,
• · Digital-to-analog converters (DAC) to
reproduce the analog signal after digital
signal processing.
• Analog pre-processing (before the ADC)
and post processing (after the DAC) are
needed, such as
amplification, filtering, equalization.)
– Why is analog design challenging?
• Digital circuits deal primarily with speed
power tradeoff.
• Analog circuits deal with multi-
dimensional tradeoff of speed, power,
gain, precision, supply, …
• Due to speed and precision requirements,
analog circuits are much more sensitive
to noise, crosstalk, and other
interferences.
• Analog circuits are much more sensitive to
second order device effects
• High performance analog circuit design
can rarely be automated - typically require
hand-crafted design and layout. (digital
circuit design is mostly automated from
logic synthesis to placement and routing).
• Modeling and simulation of analog circuits
is still problematic, requiring experience
and intuition.
• Economic forces require the development
of analog circuits in mainstream digital
processes.
• Economic forces pushing the integration
of analog and digital functions onto a
single substrate
• Many levels of abstraction are required.
•
CMOS technology is usually optimal for digital
performance and scaling, while bipolar
transistors are usually optimal for analog
performance, yet until the last decade it has
been difficult to either combine these cost-
effectively or to design both analog and digital in
a single technology without serious performance
compromises.
•
The advent of technologies like high
performance CMOS, BiCMOS, CMOS SOI and
SiGe have removed many of the compromises
that previously had to be made.
Why CMOS Mixed-Signal Integration?
• Very large scale integration of both high-density
digital circuits (such as DSP and memory) and
analog circuits (including amplifiers, filters, and
A/D & D/A converters) for low cost.
• Ideal properties of MOS switches for high
accuracy sample-data circuits, such as
switched-capacitor filters and A/D & D/A
converters.
• Device scaling : new CMOS technologies with
smaller feature sizes (such as 0.25mm and
0.18mm) can operate at increasingly high speed
(5GHz), comparable to some bipolar
technologies.
• Bipolar tr. can operate at higher frequencies than
CMOS with relatively smaller power consumption.

• Digital circuits in bipolar are power hungry, prohibiting


very large scale integration.

• BiCMOS technologies have most advantages of both


CMOS and bipolar technologies but at the expense of
higher manufacturing cost due to required extra
processing steps.

• Thus CMOS technologies become mainstream


technologies for mixed-signal integration due to the
advantages of low cost and high integration density.
• Why Integrated?
Introduction and overview
• Analog vs. digital signals
• Mixed-signal circuits
• Technology choice
Analog signals vs. digital signals
• Digital circuit design needs many transistors, tradeoff
speed-power and is very automated.
• Analog circuit design doesn’t need so many transistors,
but many tradeoffs (distortions, gain, power, speed, ...)
and skills.
• Circuit Analysis: the art of decomposition of a circuit
into manageable pieces; its based on enough accurate
models and it has one solution for one circuit.
• Circuit Design: the art of synthesizing circuits based
on experience from extensive analysis; it can generate
many solutions for a set of specifications.
• Design skills are best acquired through “learning by
doing”.
God has created the world
analog
􀂄 Man has created digital world
NYQUIST RATE

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