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Concrete Class 06b Water

Water makes up 15-25% of concrete by volume and plays several important roles. It acts as a lubricant to improve workability during mixing and placing. It also facilitates the chemical reaction between cement and water known as hydration that gives concrete its strength over time. Too much or too little water can negatively impact strength. Most drinking water is suitable for mixing concrete with some limitations for impurities. Seawater may be used if testing shows at least 90% of the compressive strength of a control mix using fresh water. Disposal of wash water from concrete trucks is regulated due to its hazardous nature.

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33 views15 pages

Concrete Class 06b Water

Water makes up 15-25% of concrete by volume and plays several important roles. It acts as a lubricant to improve workability during mixing and placing. It also facilitates the chemical reaction between cement and water known as hydration that gives concrete its strength over time. Too much or too little water can negatively impact strength. Most drinking water is suitable for mixing concrete with some limitations for impurities. Seawater may be used if testing shows at least 90% of the compressive strength of a control mix using fresh water. Disposal of wash water from concrete trucks is regulated due to its hazardous nature.

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Dash QG
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CONCRETE

TECHNOLOGY
Ing. Cristian Sotomayor
Ing. Andrs Sotil Chvez
Class 06b
Mixing Water

Water that is safe to


drink is safe to use in

WATER
Typically present in concrete between 15% to

25% by volume
Water has major roles for concrete workability

and hydration process.


w/c ratio may be the most critical factor in the

production of good quality concrete.


Too much water reduces concrete strength
Too little water makes the concrete unworkable

WATER FUNCTIONS
1) React with cement powder, thus producing

hydration products
2) Act as a lubricant, contributing to the

workability of the fresh mixture


3) Secure the necessary space in the paste for

the development of hydration products

MIXING WATER
If fresh water isn't available, we may allow some
impurities if we still obtain a reasonable concrete
mix
Example: seawater may be used for plain
concrete, but not for reinforced
Acceptable Criteria (ASTM C94)
Average 7-day compressive strength of mortar
cubes 90% of strength of those made with
fresh water
Should not affect the set time significantly

WATER ISSUES
Excessive impurities in mixing water not only

may affect setting time and concrete strength,


but also may cause:
Efflorescence
Staining
Corrosion of reinforcement
Volume instability
Reduced durability

Any potable (drinkable) water can be used with

the exception of
Mineral waters
Water containing sugar

Typical Water Analyses, ppm


Chemicals

City water

Seawater

Silica (SiO2)

0 to 25

Iron (Fe)

0 to 0.2

Calcium (Ca)

1 to 100

50 to 480

Magnesium (Mg)

0 to 30

260 to 1410

Sodium (Na)

1 to 225

2190 to 12,200

Potassium (K)

0 to 20

70 to 550

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

4 to 550

Sulfate (SO4)

2 to 125

580 to 2810

Chloride (Cl)

1 to 300

3960 to 20,000

Nitrate (NO3)

0 to 2

20 to 1000

35,000

Total dissolved solids

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

Acceptance Criteria for


Questionable Water Supplies
ASTM C 94 or AASHTO M 157

Limits

Test method

Compressive strength,
minimum percentage of
control at 7 days

90

ASTM C 109 or
AASHTO T 106

Time of set, deviation from


control, hr:min.

from 1:00 earlier to


1:30 later

ASTM C 191 or
AASHTO T 131

Chemical Limits for Mixing Water


ASTM C 94 or AASHTO M 157

Chemical or type of construction


Chloride, as Cl
Prestressed concrete or concrete in
bridge decks
Other reinforced concrete containing
aluminum or dissimilar metals or
galvanized metal forms
Sulfate, as SO4
Alkalies, as (Na2O + 0.658 K2O)
Total solids

Concentration,
Max. ppm

Test method
ASTM D 512

500

1,000
3,000

ASTM D 516

600
50,000

AASHTO T 26

ACI 318 Limits for Chloride Ion


Content in Concrete
Prestressed concrete
0.06%
Reinforced concrete exposed

to chloride in service 0.15%


Reinforced concrete that will
be dry or protected from
moisture in service
1.00%
Other reinforced concrete
construction
0.30%

Acid Waters

DISPOSAL AND REUSE OF


WASH WATER
Waste water from ready-mixed plants is a

hazardous substance
Practices prevented or limited by EPA include
dumping at the job site
dumping at a landfill
dumping into a pit at the ready-mix plant

Can reuse it for mixing new concrete


Use chemical stabilizing admixtures

OTHER LIMITATIONS
Prevent impurities in raw water
1) Suspended solids

Silt, clay, pipe work debris, organic matter and colloids


Up to about 2000 ppm of suspended clay or silt can be tolerated
Higher amounts may increase water demand, increase drying
shrinkage or cause efflorescence

2) Dissolved solids

Colloids, nonvolatile organic compounds and salts

Up to about 2000 ppm of total dissolved solids can be


considered safe, although it varies by compound

100 ppm of sodium sulfide may cause problems, while seawater


can contain up to 34,000 ppm
3) Dissolved organic material

WATER FOR CURING AND WASHING


Requirements for curing water are less

stringent than mixing water because it is in


contact with the concrete for only a relatively
short time
Nevertheless, restrictions do exist, but the
same potable water rule applies
For washing aggregates and equipment, the

same requirements apply regarding impurities


The specification are summarized in ASTM

C94

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