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PN Sequence

This document discusses spread spectrum techniques. It describes the advantages of spread spectrum such as low power spectral density, interference limited operation, privacy due to random codes, reduction of multi-path effects, and good anti-jam performance. It then discusses the concept of processing gain and different spread spectrum techniques including direct-sequence, frequency-hopping, time-hopping, and hybrid techniques. It also provides details on pseudo-noise sequences, their generation using feedback shift registers and logic modules, and their properties.

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STUDENTS OF DOE CUSAT
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66 views14 pages

PN Sequence

This document discusses spread spectrum techniques. It describes the advantages of spread spectrum such as low power spectral density, interference limited operation, privacy due to random codes, reduction of multi-path effects, and good anti-jam performance. It then discusses the concept of processing gain and different spread spectrum techniques including direct-sequence, frequency-hopping, time-hopping, and hybrid techniques. It also provides details on pseudo-noise sequences, their generation using feedback shift registers and logic modules, and their properties.

Uploaded by

STUDENTS OF DOE CUSAT
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SPREAD SPECTRUM

GENERATION

Advantages of Spread
Spectrum.
Low power spectral density. As the signal is spread over a large
frequency-band, the Power Spectral Density is getting very small,
so other communications systems do not suffer from this kind of
communications. However the Gaussian Noise level is increasing.
Interference limited operation. In all situations the whole
frequency-spectrum is used.
Privacy due to unknown random codes. The applied codes are - in
principle unknown to a hostile user. This means that it is hardly
possible to detect the message of another user.
Applying spread spectrum implies the reduction of multi-path
effects.
Random access possibilities. Users can start their transmission at
any arbitrary time.
Good anti-jam performance.

Processing Gain
The ratio of transmission and information
bandwidth:

basically the spreading factor.


The processing gain determines
the number of users to be allowed in a system,
the amount of multi-path effect reduction,
the difficulty to jam or detect a signal etc.

Processing gain = high means a better SS


system.

Different Spread Spectrum


Techniques

Direct-Sequence (DS),
Frequency-Hopping (FH),
Time-Hopping (TH) and
Hybrid spread spectrum

Pseudo-Noise (PN) Sequence


PN sequence is the code used for
spreading the signal of transmission.
The frequency of the sequence is
much higher with that of the
transmitting signal.
Actually the PN sequence is noise
like, and periodic over one window.

Concept: A Hypothetical
Experiment

Concept: A Hypothetical
Experiment
Let us consider a case where a faulty diode is generating random
and high frequency noise with zero mean. For particular time
duration,(the noise in a form of a window)
Now, the windows are concatenated side by side, one by one. These
concatenated windows are given to one of the inputs of a zerocrossing detector Thus, at the output, we will get a high frequency
rectangular signal.
Now, if we name the smallest chip duration (smallest high value
time or smallest low value time) as logic 1 or logic 0 respectively,
then we can get one chip sequence as 0011101| 0011101 | 001110.
. .and so on (as the same windowed noise is concatenated, the
sequence also made periodic).
From the sequence its clear, that, the sequence is noise like
random within a window, but periodic. Thats why the sequence can
be called as pseudo-random sequence (pseudo means not real).

Generation of PN
Sequence
Basic components are
Feedback Shift Register
A Logic Module

PN sequence can be easily


generated by using the
feedback
register
arrangement.
3 flip-flops with outputs s1,
s2, s3. Therefore the length
of the shift register is m=3.
The output of the entire
system is s3. Its also can be
said from that, after a clock
pulse is encountered, s2 =
s1, s3 = s2, s1 = s1 s3.
The entire system state
table is as follows, taking
initial contents of the shift
register 1111:

The shift register configuration shown in


the is generating a sequence 1110100
followed by the same sequence again
and again periodically.
It is observed that after 8th clock pulse
we are getting the same initialized flip
flop content 111.
Note: MOD-2 addition:
MOD-N means periodic with periodicity N.
Therefore MOD-2 operation generates a
window of sequence of length 2. To represent
2 patterns we need only one bit (0 and 1).

Lets consider MOD-2 addition (i.e., one


bit number + one bit number = one bit
number).
0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 10

The last result (1+1) is generating two bit result.


The MSB is called as CARRY and the LSB is the
SUM. To follow the procedural principle of MOD-2
addition, we must have only 1 bit. Therefore, by
ignoring the CARRY bit, the result of (1+1)
operation is made equal to 0. The mod-2 addition
is symbolized by.
MOD-2 operation is following the XOR
gate truth table. Therefore the MOD-2 operation
is realized practically by XOR gate.

Properties of PN
Sequence

In each period, Number of 1s =


Number of zeroes +1;
If the number of flip-flop is m, the
sequence length N must be,
N=(2m1)
At any instant, the square of the PN
sequence c(t) is 1. c2(t)=1.
Autocorrelation

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