9 CITW Real Time Systems Concepts
Uploaded by
Mohammed ABDO ALBAOM9 CITW Real Time Systems Concepts
Uploaded by
Mohammed ABDO ALBAOMComputing and IT in the Workplace
CT006-1
Real-time Systems
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this section, YOU should be able to:
Explain the important concepts in Real-time Computing
specifically on dependability, fault tolerance and fault
types.
Computer and IT in Workplace
Chapter 9
Topics we will cover
Real-time Systems
Concepts: Real-time systems, Dependability, Fault
Tolerance , and Fault types
Computer and IT in Workplace
Chapter 9
Real-time Systems - Introduction
Real-time systems are defined as those systems in
which the correctness of the system depends not
only on the logical result of computation, but also
on the time at which the results are produced.
Real-time systems are usually classified as being
hard, soft and firm.
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Hard real-time systems
In which , no deadline misses are tolerated.
A single flight error might be fatal.
Example: Aircraft control systems.
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Firm real-time systems
Firm real-time systems also allow occasional
deadline misses.
Example: Banking Systems
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Soft real-time systems
In soft real-time systems, if a task is not completed
by its deadline, the task is considered valueless and
is discarded.
Examples:
1. Multimedia applications.
2. Airline reservation system since a missed
booking is rarely catastrophic.
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Dependable Systems?
A system is dependable when it is trustworthy enough that
reliance can be placed on the service that it delivers. For a
system to be dependable, it must be
Available - e.g., ready for use when we need it.
Reliable - e.g., able to provide continuity of service
while we are using it.
Safe - e.g., does not have a catastrophic consequence
on the environment.
Secure - e.g., able to preserve confidentiality.
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Why dependability?
In safety-critical applications - such as flight control,
medical life support (medical equipments),
telecommunication switching, and on-line transaction
processing systems - failure of computing resources can
cost lives and/or money.
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Fault Tolerance ?
A system built with fault tolerance capabilities will
manage to keep operating, perhaps at a degraded level,
in the presence of these faults.
In other words, fault-tolerance is informally defined as
the ability of a system to deliver the expected service
even in the presence of faults.
For a system to be fault-tolerant, it must be able to
detect, diagnose, and recover from faults.
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Fault types: Permanent faults are caused by device failures within a
component due to damage or improper manufacturing.
Once a permanent fault has occurred, the faulty
component can be restored by replacement or repair.
Transient faults are triggered by environmental
disturbances such as voltage fluctuations, electromagnetic interference, or radiation. These events
typically have a short duration, returning the affected
circuitry to a normal operating state without causing any
lasting damage.
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Fault types:-
Intermittent faults happen due to design errors that
result in marginal or unstable hardware.
Example: fault due to a loose wire.
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Software Faults
Software faults are caused by incorrect design, or
coding of a program.
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Error Recovery
Error recovery is the process by which the system
attempts to recover from the effects of an error.
Forward error recovery:
In this approach, the error is masked without any
computations having to be redone.
Backward error recovery:
In this approach, the system is rolled back to a state
before the error is believed to have occurred and the
computation is carried out again.
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Reliability
Hard real-time systems such as flight control and
process control demand high reliability, in which a failure
could mean loss of life.
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Availability
Availability is a measure of the delivery of proper service
with respect to the alternation of proper and improper
service. In other words, it is the probability of being
operational at a given instant of time.
A 0.999999 availability means that the system is not
operational at most one hour in a million hours.
Soft real-time systems such as telephone switching and
airline reservation require high availability.
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Review Questions
Explain the important concepts in Real-time
Computing specifically on dependability, fault
tolerance and fault types.
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Question and Answer Session
Q&A
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What we will cover next
Topic and Structure of next session
Artificial Intelligent 1
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