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Along-Wind Dynamic Response: Wind Loading and Structural Response Lecture 12 Dr. J.D. Holmes

This document summarizes key aspects of dynamic response to wind loading for structures: 1) Significant resonant dynamic response can occur under wind actions for structures with natural frequencies below 1 Hz, while all structures experience fluctuating loads below resonant frequencies. 2) Dynamic response is analyzed using random vibration approaches in the frequency domain, accounting for factors like mechanical admittance, aerodynamic admittance, and spectral densities of forces and responses. 3) Codes like ASCE-7 provide gust effect factors to estimate maximum dynamic response from mean response, considering background response, resonant peaks, and peak factors. Along-wind dynamic analysis of structures is more complex for structures with distributed mass.

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126 views25 pages

Along-Wind Dynamic Response: Wind Loading and Structural Response Lecture 12 Dr. J.D. Holmes

This document summarizes key aspects of dynamic response to wind loading for structures: 1) Significant resonant dynamic response can occur under wind actions for structures with natural frequencies below 1 Hz, while all structures experience fluctuating loads below resonant frequencies. 2) Dynamic response is analyzed using random vibration approaches in the frequency domain, accounting for factors like mechanical admittance, aerodynamic admittance, and spectral densities of forces and responses. 3) Codes like ASCE-7 provide gust effect factors to estimate maximum dynamic response from mean response, considering background response, resonant peaks, and peak factors. Along-wind dynamic analysis of structures is more complex for structures with distributed mass.

Uploaded by

Ay Ch
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Wind loading and structural response

Lecture 12 Dr. J.D. Holmes

Along-wind dynamic response

Dynamic response
Significant resonant dynamic response can occur under wind actions
for structures with n1 < 1 Hertz (approximate)
All structures will experience fluctuating loads below resonant
frequencies (background response)
Significant resonant response may not occur if damping is high enough
e.g. electrical transmission lines - pendulum modes - high aerodynamic
damping

Dynamic response

Spectral density of a response to wind :


background
component

resonant
contributions

Dynamic response

Time history of fluctuating wind force


D(t)

time

Dynamic response

Time history of fluctuating wind force


D(t)

Time history of response :


x(t)

time

High
n1

time

Structure with high natural frequency

Dynamic response

Time history of fluctuating wind force


D(t)

Time history of response :


x(t)

time

Low n1

time

Structure with low natural frequency

Dynamic response

Features of resonant dynamic response :

Time-history effect : when vibrations build up structure response at


any given time depends on history of loading
Additional forces resist loading : inertial forces, damping forces
Stable vibration amplitudes : damping forces = applied loads
inertial forces (mass acceleration) balance elastic forces in structure
effective static loads : ( 1 times) inertial forces

Dynamic response

Comparison with dynamic response to earthquakes :

Earthquakes are shorter duration than most wind storms


Dominant frequencies of excitation in earthquakes are 10-50 times higher
than wind loading
Earthquake forces appear as fully-correlated equivalent lateral forces
wind forces (along-wind and cross wind) are partially-correlated fluctuating
forces

Dynamic response

Comparison with dynamic response to earthquakes :

Dynamic response

Random vibration approach :

Uses spectral densities (frequency domain) for calculation :

Dynamic response

Along-wind response of single-degree-of freedom structure :


mass-spring-damper
system, mass small w.r.t.
length scale of turbulence

representative of large mass


supported by a low-mass column
c

D(t)
m

n1

equation of motion :

1
2

k
m

c
2 mk

mx cx kx D(t)

Dynamic response

Along-wind response of single-degree-of freedom structure :


by quasi-steady assumption (Lecture 9) :
D' C Do
2

4D 2 2
a U u' A CD a U u' A 2 u'
U
2

since :

in terms of spectral
density :
hence :

4D 2
SD (n) 2 Su (n )
U

CD

D
1
a U 02 A
2

4D 2
0 SD (n).dn U 2 0 Su (n).dn
this is relation between spectral density
of force and velocity

Dynamic response

Along-wind response of single-degree-of freedom structure :


deflection :

X(t) = X + x'(t)

mean deflection :

D
k

spectral density :
Sx (n)

k = spring stiffness

1
2
H(n)
SD (n)
k2

where the mechanical admittance is given


by :
2
1
2 4D
Sx (n) 2 H(n)
Su (n)
2
k
U

H(n)

n

n1

4 2
n
1

this is relation between spectral density


of deflection and approach velocity

Dynamic response
Aerodynamic admittance:
Larger structures - velocity fluctuations approaching
windward face cannot be assumed to be uniform
then :
4D 2
SD (n) (n). 2 Su (n )
U
2

where 2(n) is the aerodynamic admittance

Dynamic response
Aerodynamic admittance:
Low frequency gusts well correlated

1.0

n
0.1

High frequency gusts poorly correlated


0.01
0.01

0.1

1.0

10

A
U

based on experiments :
n

1
2n A
1

Dynamic response
Aerodynamic admittance:

hence :

2
1
2 4D
2
Sx (n) 2 H(n)
.

(n).Su (n)
2
k
U

substituting D = k X :

4X 2
2
Sx (n) 2 H(n) . 2 (n).Su (n)
U

Dynamic response
Mean square deflection :
x

4X 2
2
Sx (n).dn 2 H(n) . 2 (n).Su (n).dn
U
0
0

4X 2 u

U2

where :

S (n)
B (n). u 2 .dn
u
0
2

independent of
frequency

Su (n)
4X 2 u
2
B R
H(n) . (n).
.dn
2
2
U
u
2

S (n )
2
R (n1 ). u 21 H(n) .dn
u 0
2

assumes X2(n) and Su(n) are constant at X2(n1) and


Su(n1), near the resonant peak

Dynamic response
Mean square deflection :

H(n) .dn

n1
4

n1Su (n1 )
R (n1 ).
2
4 u
2

(integration by method of poles)

Dynamic response
Gust response factor (G) :
Expected maximum response in defined time period /
mean response in same time period
X g
X
x

G 1 g x 1 2g u
X
X
U

BR

g = peak factor
g 2 log e ( T )

0.577
2 log e ( T )

= cycling rate (average frequency)

Dynamic response
Dynamic response factor (Cdyn):
This is a factor defined as follows :
Maximum response including correlation and resonant effects /
maximum response excluding correlation and resonant effects
B = 1 (reduction due to correlation ignored)
R = 0 (resonant effects ignored)

C dyn

1 2g

u
U

1 2g

BR
u
U

Used in codes and standards based on peak gust (e.g. ASCE-7)

Dynamic response
Gust effect factor (ASCE-7) :
For flexible and dynamically sensitive structures (Section 6.5.8.2)

1 1.7 I g 2 Q 2 g 2 R
z
Q
R

G f 0.925
1 1.7g v I z

This is a dynamic response factor not a gust response factor


0.925(instead of 1) is calibration factor
1.7 (instead of 2) to adjust for 3-second gust instead of true peak gust
Separate peak factors (gQ and gR) for background and resonant response :
gQ = gv= 3.4

g R 2 log e (3600n1 )

0.577
2 log e (3600n1 )

Dynamic response
Gust effect factor (ASCE-7) :
Resonant response factor (Equation 6-8) :

R
Previously :

1
R n R h R B (0.53 0.47R L )

n1Su (n1 )
R (n1 ).
2
4 u
2

is critical damping ratio ()


RhRB(0.53 + 0.47RL) is the aerodynamic admittance 2(n1)
decomposed into components for vertical separations (R h), lateral
separations (RB) and along-wind (windward/ leeward wall) (RL)

Dynamic response
Gust effect factor (ASCE-7) :
Rn should be :
In fact it is :

where :

n1Su (n1 )
2
4 u
2

2 n1Su (n1 )

.
2
4 u
1.7
n1Su (n1 )
6.9 N1

2
1 10.3N1 5 / 3
u

N1

n 1L z
Vz

S (n)

Note that : 6.9=(2/3)10.3 so


0 u u 2 dn 1
that
Note that Su(0) is equal to 6.9u2Lz/Vz
But Su(0) should = 4u2u / Uz (Lecture 7)

Hence Lz = (4/6.9) u = 0.58 u

Dynamic response
Along-wind response of structure with distributed mass :
The calculation of along-wind response with distributed masses (many
modes of vibration) is more complex (Section 5.3.6 in the book)
Based on modal analysis (Lecture 11) :
x(z,t) = j aj (t) j (z)

j (z) is mode shape in jth

mode

Use : generalized (modal) mass, stiffness, damping, applied force for each mode
Two approaches :
i) use modal analysis for background and resonant parts (inefficient needs many modes) - Section 5.3.6
ii) calculate background component separately; use modal analysis
only for resonant parts - Section 5.3.7
Easier to use (ii) in the context of effective static load distributions

End of Lecture 12
John Holmes
225-405-3789 [email protected]

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