OPERATING

SYSTEMS
Prof Shamik Palit
Department of Engineering & IT
Manipal University, Dubai

Module 1

CONTENTS

Operating System Introduction

Operating System Structure

Operating System Services

Module 1

Operating System
Introduction

DEFINITION

An Operating System is a program that acts as an

intermediary between user of a computer and
computer Hardware.

An Operating System provides environment a user can

execute programs in convenient and efficient way.

An Operating System must ensure the correct

operation of Computer System

An Operating System also provides certain services to

the programs and user of programs.

WHAT IS AN OPERATING
SYSTEM?

A program that acts as an intermediary between a

user of a computer and the computer hardware.

Operating system goals:

Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier.
Make the computer system convenient to use.

Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

WHAT IS AN OPERATING
SYSTEM?

Computer systems typically

Hardware and Software

Hardware - electronic,
optical devices
Software programs

contain:

mechanical,

Without support software, the computer

is of little use..

WHAT IS AN OPERATING
SYSTEM?

An interface between Hardware and User

Programs

An abstraction of the hardware for all the

(user) processes
Hide

the complexity of the underlying

hardware and give the user a better view of
the computer

COMPUTER SYSTEM COMPONENTS

1.

Hardware provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory,

I/O devices).

2.

Operating system controls and coordinates the use of the

hardware among the various application programs for the
various users.

3.

Applications programs define the ways in which the system

resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users (compilers, database systems, video games, business
programs).

4. Users (people, machines, other computers).

ABSTRACT VIEW OF SYSTEM

COMPONENTS

THE OS

applications
software

utilities
systems
software

Operating system

hardware
components

device

CPU

device

...

memory

device

THE GOALS OF AN OS

Let users run programs:

Correctness

Memory boundaries, priorities, steady state

Convenience

User
should
not
handle
the
tiny
details
(encapsulate/abstract),
provide
synchronization
primitives, system calls, file system, tools

THE GOALS OF AN OS

Let users run programs:

Efficiency

Resource Utilization, resource Sharing, Multitasking

Fairness

(in resource allocation)

Among: users, tasks, resources

The tradeoff between efficiency and fairness

AN OS IS A RESOURCE
ALLOCATOR

Multiple users (?) get all

resources simultaneously:

computing

CPU

time
Memory (ram, swap, working set, virtual,..)
File system (storage space)
I/O devices (display, printers, mouse,..)
Clock

The OS should give every user the illusion

that she is getting all resources to herself
(not sharing!)

TYPES OF OS :MAINFRAME SYSTEMS

Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs

Automatic job sequencing automatically

transfers control from one job to another. First
rudimentary operating system.

Resident monitor
initial control in monitor
control transfers to job
when job completes control transfers pack to monitor

TYPES OF OS : SIMPLE BATCH SYSTEM

TYPES OF OS : MULTIPROGRAMMED
BATCH SYSTEMS
Several jobs are kept in main memory at the same time, and the
CPU is multiplexed among them.

TYPES OF OS : TIME-SHARING SYSTEMS

The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that are kept in memory
and on disk (the CPU is allocated to a job only if the job is in
memory).

A job swapped in and out of memory to the disk.

On-line communication between the user and the system is

provided; when the operating system finishes the execution of one
command, it seeks the next control statement from the users
keyboard.

On-line system must be available for users to access data and code.

TYPES OF OS : DESKTOP SYSTEMS

Personal computers computer system dedicated to a single user.

I/O devices keyboards, mice, display screens, small printers.

User convenience and responsiveness.

Can adopt technology developed for larger operating system often

individuals have sole use of computer and do not need advanced
CPU utilization of protection features.

May run several different types of operating systems (Windows,

MacOS, UNIX, Linux)

TYPES OF OS : PARALLEL SYSTEMS

Multiprocessor systems with more than on CPU in close

communication.

Tightly coupled system processors share memory and a clock;

communication usually takes place through the shared memory.

Advantages of parallel system:

Increased throughput
Economical
Increased reliability

graceful degradation
fail-soft systems

TYPES OF OS : PARALLEL SYSTEMS

(CONT.)

Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP)

Each processor runs and identical copy of the operating
system.
Many processes can run at once without performance
deterioration.
Most modern operating systems support SMP

Asymmetric multiprocessing
Each processor is assigned a specific task; master processor
schedules and allocated work to slave processors.
More common in extremely large systems

TYPES OF OS : DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

Distribute the computation among several physical processors.

Loosely coupled system each processor has its own local

memory; processors communicate with one another through
various communications lines, such as high-speed buses or
telephone lines.

Advantages of distributed systems.

Resources Sharing
Computation speed up load sharing
Reliability
Communications

TYPES OF OS : DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS

(CONT)

Requires networking infrastructure.

Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area

networks (WAN)

May be either client-server or peer-to-peer

systems.

TYPES OF OS : CLUSTERED SYSTEMS

Clustering allows two or more systems to share

storage.

Provides high reliability.

Asymmetric clustering: one server runs the

application while other servers standby.

Symmetric clustering: all N hosts are running the

application.

TYPES OF OS : REAL-TIME
SYSTEMS

Often used as a control device in a dedicated

application such as controlling scientific
experiments,
medical
imaging
systems,
industrial control systems, and some display
systems.

Well-defined fixed-time constraints.

Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft

real-time.

TYPES OF OS : REAL-TIME
SYSTEMS (CONT.)

Hard real-time:
Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short
term memory, or read-only memory (ROM)
Conflicts with time-sharing systems, not supported by
general-purpose operating systems.

Soft real-time
Limited utility in industrial control of robotics
Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality)
requiring advanced operating-system features.

TYPES OF OS : HANDHELD
SYSTEMS

Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)

Cellular telephones
Issues:
Limited

memory
Slow processors
Small display screens.

MIGRATION OF OPERATING-SYSTEM CONCEPTS AND FEATURES

Module 1

Operating System
Structure

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

System Components
Process

management
Main memory management
File Management
I/O System management
Secondary Storage management
Networking
Protection System
Command Interpreter System

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

System Components
Process

management

A process can be thought as a program in execution

Ex : A word processing program run by user
Process need resources
CPU time, Memory, Files , I/O Device

Process

is unit of work in System

Create, delete user, system process
Suspending and resume process
Mechanism for process synchronization
Mechanism for process communication

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

System Components
Main

memory management

Central to the all operation of Computer System

Central Processor reads instruction from main memory
Central Processor reads, writes data from main
memory
Which part of the memory currently used by whom
Which process are to be loaded into memory
Allocating and De allocating memory space

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

System Components
File

Management

Most Visible component of Operating System

File is a collection of related information
Creating, deleting files
Creating , deleting directories
Backing up files on storage.

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

System Components
I/O

System management

OS hides peculiarities of Hardware device from user

I/O Subsystem consists of
Memory management component
General Device driver interface
Driver for specific Hardware Device

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

System Components
Secondary

Storage management

Used as back up memory

Programs Compilers, assemblers stored on disk
Free space management
Storage Allocation
Disk Scheduling

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

System Components
Networking

Distributed system
Collection of process that do not share memory
Each processor has its local memory
Process communicate through network
User access various resources
Ex: http used in communication web server &
browser

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

System Components
Protection

System

Mechanism for controlling access of program, process

Improves reliability of detecting errors
Distinguish between authorized, unauthorized access.
Ex: Memory address hardware ensures that process
can execute within its own address space.

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

System Components
Command

Interpreter System

Interface between user and OS

New job started in batch system
Command Line interpreter Shell get command
statement and execute

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

A modern OS must be engineered carefully if

it is to function properly and modified easily.
Simple

Structure

Layered

Approach

Microkernels

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

Simple Structure
Many

commercial systems do not have well

defined structure
Such OS started small , simple, limited systems
then grow beyond their original scope

Ex : MS DOS, UNIX

UNIX

initially had 2 components

Kernel
System Programs

New

version of UNIX are designed to use more

advanced hardware

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

Layered Approach
OS

is broken up into number of layers / levels

Bottom layer is Hardware, highest layer is user
interface
OS layer is an implementation of abstract object
Advantage : Modularity

It

Each layer uses functionality of its lower level

simplifies debugging and system verification

It is less efficient
Ex: OS/2, Windows NT

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

Microkernels
Remove

all non essential components from the

kernel and implement them as system

Minimal

process and memory management

Provide

a communication facility between client

program and various services

Communication

is provided by message passing

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

OPERATING SYSTEM STRUCTURE

Microkernels
Client

Program and service communicate

indirectly by exchanging message with
microkernel

Advantage:

All new services are added to user

space , do not require modification of kernel.

Examples

Tru 64 UNIX
Apple Mac OS X Server
QNX

Module 1

Operating System
Services

OPERATING SYSTEM SERVICES

Operating System provides an environment for

execution of programs.
It provides following services to programs and
users:
Program execution
I/O operation
File system manipulation
Communications
Error detections
Resource Allocation
Accounting
Protections

OPERATING SYSTEM SERVICES

Program execution
System

must be able to load a program into

memory and to run that program
Program must be able to end its execution

OPERATING SYSTEM SERVICES

I/O operation
A

running program may require I/O

A File
I/O Device

Users

can not control I/O directly

OS provides a means to do I/O

OPERATING SYSTEM SERVICES

File system manipulation

Programs

need to read and write files

Programs need to create and delete files

OPERATING SYSTEM SERVICES

Communications
Can

occur in 2 ways:

Between processes execute on same computer

Between processes execute in different computer

Communications

implemented via shared

memory or message passing technique.

OPERATING SYSTEM SERVICES

Error detections
OS

need to be aware of possible errors

Errors may occur in

CPU, memory hardware

I/O devices
User Program

OS

must take appropriate action for each type of

error to ensure correct and consistent computing

OPERATING SYSTEM SERVICES

Resource Allocation
Resource must be allocated when

Multiple users logged into system

Multiple jobs are running in same time

Different

type of resource managed by OS

CPU cycles, Main memory, file storage

I/O device

OS

maintains CPU scheduling routines.

OPERATING SYSTEM SERVICES

Accounting
Which

user use how many and which kind of

computer resources
Record keeping used for accounting ,usage
statistics
Used to improve computing services.

OPERATING SYSTEM SERVICES

Protections
Owner of the information stored in multiuser
computer want to control use of that information
Protection ensures that all access to the system
resources are controlled
Security

User Authentication
External I/O devices

Thank You