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Radar: Department of Electronics and Telecommunication

Radar uses radio waves to detect objects at a distance by transmitting pulses and measuring their reflection. It was originally developed for military use but now has many applications. Radar works by transmitting microwave pulses and measuring their time of flight to detect range, direction, and speed of objects. There are two main types - pulse radar which uses discrete pulses and continuous wave radar which relies on the Doppler effect of continuous waves. Radar faces limitations from noise, interference, clutter and can be jammed but stealth technologies aim to reduce detection.

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121 views

Radar: Department of Electronics and Telecommunication

Radar uses radio waves to detect objects at a distance by transmitting pulses and measuring their reflection. It was originally developed for military use but now has many applications. Radar works by transmitting microwave pulses and measuring their time of flight to detect range, direction, and speed of objects. There are two main types - pulse radar which uses discrete pulses and continuous wave radar which relies on the Doppler effect of continuous waves. Radar faces limitations from noise, interference, clutter and can be jammed but stealth technologies aim to reduce detection.

Uploaded by

saral
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RADAR

Department of Electronics and


Telecommunication
Submitted to:Presented by:Mrs.Anjana Jain
Aashish patel
Mrs.S.V. Charate
0801EC101001
Departme
nt of
Electronic
s and
Aashish
Patel
Telecom
municatio
n
0801EC1

Content

Introduction
History
Principle
Radar signal processing
Classification of radar
Doppler Effect
Limiting factor
Stealth technology
Application

What is RADAR ???


RADAR (RAdio Detection And
Ranging) is a way to detect and study
far off targets by transmitting a radio
pulse in the direction of the target
and observing the reflection of the
wave.
Its basically radio echo.
Employ EM waves that fall into the
microwave portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum
(1 mm < l < 75 cm)

Why microwaves?

Microwaves can penetrate haze, fog


and snow readily, and rain and hail
less readily, so radar can see
through these conditions.

History of RADAR
Radar was developed for military
purposes during W. W. II.
The British and US Military used radar
to locate ships and airplanes.
During the war , radar operator found
annoying blips continually appearing
on the radar screen , scientist had not
known that radar would we sensitive
enough to detect precipitation.

Principle of working
Radar operates on the 3,000 to 10,000
MHz frequency bands. (super high
frequency SHF)
EM energy radiating outward from a
source is reflected back by objects in its
path.
The time difference between
transmission (trace) and reflection
(echo) is measured .
Distance, azimuth, and elevation can be
used to fix the objects position in three
dimensional space.

Radar signal processing


Distance
measurement
Generally 2 methods are used first
Transit Time and second Frequency
Modulation .
Transmit a short pulse of radio signal
and measure the time it takes for the
reflection to return.
Accurate distance measurement
requires high-performance

Frequency Modulation
Frequency comparison between two
signals is considerably more accurate.
By measuring the frequency of the
returned signal and comparing that
with the original, the difference can be
easily measured.
This technique can be used in
continuous wave radar .
The amount of frequency shift is used
to measure distance.

Speed measurement
The existing system for measuring
distance, combined with a memory
capacity to see where the target last
was, is enough to measure speed.
Make use of DOPPLER EFFECT.
In pulse radar, the variation between
the phase of successive returns gives
the distance the target has moved
between pulses, and thus its speed
can be calculated.

Radar Equation
The power returning to receiving
antenna after reflecting from
obstacle

Polarization
In all electromagnetic radiation the
electric field is perpendicular to the
direction of propagation.
Radars use horizontal, vertical, linear
and circular polarization to detect
different types of reflections

Classification of RADAR
We can classify radar in basically 3
categories
Active and passive radar
Pulse transmission and continuous
wave
Classification on basis of use

Active or Passive Radar


Active radar systems transmit a known signal.
Most systems are active.
Such systems can be detected and jammed.
Passive radar systems rely on ambient signals,
and their reflections.
Signal processing
Reference signal and reflection signals
Hard to detect or jam.
Efficient power usage

Pulse radar component


Synchronize
r

Transmitte
r
RF out
Power
Supply

Duplexe
r

ANT
.
Echo
In

Display Unit

Receiver

Pulse radar

A pulse generator that discharges


timed pulses of microwave/radio
energy .
Typically radar transmitters send and
receive 1500 pulses per second .
Pulses last about .1 microsecond .
PW can determine the radars
minimum range resolution.
PRF can determine the radars
maximum detection range.

Pulse Diagram

PRF

Resting
Time
PW

Carrier
Wave

Continuous wave radar


Employs continual RADAR
transmission .
Relies on the DOPPLER EFFECT.

Doppler Effect
This law belong to change in
frequency.
when source moves , frequency of
wave changes .

Continuous wave radar


component
Transmitter
CW
RF

OUT

OSCILLATOR

Discr
imin
ator

AMP..

MIXER

Receiver
Indicator

IN

ContinuousRadar
Wave
Pulse Vs. Continuous
Pulse Echo
Single Antenna
Gives Range & Alt.
Susceptible To
Jamming
Physical Range
Determined By PW
and PRF.

Requires 2
Antennae
No Range or Alt.
Info
High SNR
More Difficult to
Jam But Easily
Deceived
Amp can be tuned
to look for
expected
frequencies

Stealth technology
Absorbs radar wave or deflect to other
direction.
Minimizes heat and other emissions
from engine and other spots.
Make difficult to detect .
Fly as possible as close to earth surface .
Make use of RAM (Radar Absorbing
Material )
Shape should be smooth with less edges.

Limiting factors
Beam path and rangeAs range increases , linear beam get curved
because of change in refractive index of
atmosphere .
NoiseInternal noise like shot noise , flicker noise etc.
InterferenceBecause of unwanted signal get interfere in radio
wave in atmosphere
ClutterRefers to radio frequency (RF) echoes returned
from targets which are uninteresting to the radar
operators like sand storm , animals , rock , birds
etc.

Jamming Refers to radio frequency signals


originating from sources outside the
radar, transmitting in the radar's
frequency and thereby masking
targets of interest
Jamming may be intentional,
jamming signal only needs to travel
one way (from jammer to radar
receiver)
jamming can generally only be
reduced by narrowing the mainlobes.

Application

Armed force
Marine radar
Weather forecasting
Aviation traffic control
Radar speed gun

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