Chapter 3: Fluid
kinematics
The Bernoulli Equation
Newtons Second Law
F=ma along a streamline
F=ma normal to a streamline
Physical interpretations
Static, Stagnation, Dynamic and Total
Pressure
Examples of use of the Bernoulli Equation
The energy line and the hydraulic grade line
Restrictions of use of the Bernoulli Equation
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Newtons 2
nd
Law
The net force acting on the fluid
particle must equal its mass times its
acceleration
F=ma
For inviscid fluid, we are assuming
that the fluid motion is governed by
pressure and gravity forces only
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Newtons second law of motion
As a fluid particle moves from one location to another, it usually
experiences an acceleration or deceleration. consider the motion of
inviscid fluids. That is, the fluid is assumed to have zero viscosity.
Streamlines
For steady flows each particle slides along its path, and its velocity
vector is tangent to the path. The lines that are tangent to the velocity
vectors throughout the flow field are called streamlines.
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Bernoulli equation states that
the sum of
pressure head,
Velocity head, and
Elevation head
is constant along a streamline
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Physical Interpretation
An equivalent form of the Bernoulli
Equation
Total head
p V2
z H Constant along a streamline
2g
Elevation head
-related to potential energy of the
particle
Velocity head
Pressure head
-vertical distance needed for the fluid to fall freely
(neglecting friction) if it is to reach V from rest
-height of the column of fluid that is needed to produce the pressure p
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Example 1
Some animals have learned to take advantage of the Bernoulli
effect. For example, a typical prairie dog burrow contains two
entrances a flat front door and a mounded back door. When the
wind blows with velocity Vo across the front door, the average
velocity across the back door is greater than Vo because of the
mound. Assume the air velocity across the back door is 1.07Vo.
For a wind velocity of 6 m/s, what pressure difference, p1-p2, is
generated to provide a fresh air flow within the burrow.
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Static, stagnation,
Dynamic and Total
Pressure
1
p V 2 z pT
2
Constant along a streamline
Static pressure
Actual thermodynamic pressure
Dynamic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure
Total pressure
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Static, stagnation, Dynamic
pressure
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Static, stagnation, Dynamic
The way to measure the static pressure would be to drill a hole in a flat
surface and fasten a piezometer tube as indicated by the location of
point 3 in Figure. P3=gh4-3
Point 2 is a stagnation point.
V2/2 is called dynamic pressure
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Static, stagnation,
Dynamic and Total
Pressure (cont.)
Then, p2 is called the stagnation
pressure
The pressure at stagnation point, p2,
is greater than the static pressure, p 1
There is a stagnation point on any
stationary body that is placed into a
flowing fluid
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Example 2
Natural gas (methane) flow from a 7.6cm diameter gas
main, through a 2.5cm diameter pipe and in to a burner
of a furnace at a rate of 2.8m3/h. determine the pressure
in the gas main if the pressure in the 2.5cm pipe is to be
15.2cm of water (take density of methane =0.667kg/m3)
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Examples of use of the
Bernoulli Equation
Free Jets
Figure 3 : Vertical
flow
from a tank
Assumptions
z1=h, z2=0
Reservoir is large, V1=0
Reservoir is open to atmosphere, p1=0 gage
Fluid leaves as a free jet, p2=0 gage
Once outside nozzle, the stream continues as a free
jet, p5=0 gage
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Example 3
Determine the flow rate from the tank
as shown in figure
(Ans.=3.7liters/s)
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Q = A2V2=0.0037m3/s
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Example 4
If viscous effects are neglected and the tank is large, determine the flow rate
from the tank shown in Fig.
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Datum line
Z1 = 0.7, V1 = 0,
Z2 = 0 and P2 = 0
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Example 4
Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in Figure for
the given 0.2-m difference in the manometer level, determine
the flow rate as a function of the diameter of the small pipe, D.
(Answer=0.0156m3/s)
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Solution in the class
Q=0.1555 m /s
3
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Example 5
Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in Figure
For the given 0.2-m difference in the manometer level,
determine the flow rate as a function of the diameter of the
small pipe, D.
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Solution in the
class
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Examples of use of the
Bernoulli Equation
Confined Flows
In many cases, fluid is confined and its
pressure cannot be prescribed a priori
need to use the concept of conservation
of mass
Figure 5 : Steady flow into and out of a tank
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Examples of use of the
Bernoulli Equation
Confined Flows (cont.)
Q AV , m AV
In such case, mass is conserved, i.e. inflow rate
must equal to the outflow rate
1 A1V1 2 A2V2 or A1V1 A2V (if incompressible)
In general, following Bernoulli, an increase in
velocity (could be due to reduction of flow area)
is accompanied by a decrease in pressure
For flows of liquids, this may result in
cavitation, a potentially dangerous situation
that results when liquid pressure is reduced to
vapor pressure and the liquid boils.
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Example 5
Water is siphoned from a large tank and discharges into the
atmosphere through a 5.08 cm diameter tube as shown in Figure. The
end of the tube is 0.9 m below the tank bottom, and viscous effects are
negligible. (a) Determine the volume flow rate from the tank. (b)
Determine the maximum height, H, over which the water can be
siphoned without cavitation occurring. Atmospheric pressure is 101.3
Kpa and the water vapor pressure Is 1.8 Kpa
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Solution in the class
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Examples of use of the
Bernoulli Equation
Free Jets (cont.)
Figure 3 : Typical flow patterns and
contraction coef. for various round
exit configurations
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If exit of tank
is not smooth,
well contoured
nozzle, the
diameter of the
jet will be less
than the
diameter of the
hole vena
contracta effect
hole
jet
Contraction
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Examples of use of the
Bernoulli Equation
Flowrate measurement
Assumptions steady, inviscid and
incompressible
Figure 6 : Typical devices for
measuring flowrate in pipes
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Examples of use of the
Bernoulli Equation
Flowrate measurement (cont.)
Between points (1) and (2)
p1 12 V12 p2 12 V22
and
Q A1V1 A2V2
hence
Q A2
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2( p1 p2 )
2
1 A2 A1
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Examples of use of the
Bernoulli Equation
Flowrate measurement (cont.)
The actual measured flowrate, Qactual will
be smaller than this theoretical results
because of the assumptions made in
deriving the Bernoulli Equation
Other flowmeters based on Bernoulli
equation are used to measure flowrates
in open channels such as flumes and
irrigation ditches.
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Determine the flow rate through the Venturi
meter shown in figure if ideal conditions
exist. (6 liters/s)
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= 6.1
Liters/s
Water flows steadily from large tank and exits through a vertical, constant
diameter pipe as shown in the following figure. The air in the tank is pressurized
to 50 kN/m2. Assume inviscid and incompressible flow for the water. The specific
weight of water is 9.8 kN/m3. Determine
1.Determine the height, h to which the water rises.
2.Calculate the water velocity in the pipe.
3.Find the pressure in the horizontal part of the pipe.
4.Propose TWO(2) changes we can make in order to decrease the height of the
fountain to half of the initial height. Justify your answers
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Since
P1= 50,000 Pa,
V1=0,
Z1=2,
P2=0
V2=0
Z2=h=???
g = 1000x9.81=9810
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Since
P1= 50,000 Pa,
V1=0,
Z1=2,
P2=0
V2=?
Z2=4
g = 1000x9.81=9810
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Since
P1= 50,000 Pa,
V1=0,
Z1=2,
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P2=????
V2=7.79
Z2=0
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