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Digital To Analog Converters (DAC) : Swapnil Jadhav 1 AKI'S Poona College

Digital to analog converters (DACs) convert digital signals to analog voltages. There are two main types of DACs: binary weighted resistor DACs and R-2R ladder DACs. Binary weighted resistor DACs use weighted resistors and switches to distinguish each bit, but require large ranges of high precision resistors. R-2R ladder DACs only require two resistor values and do not need high precision resistors, though they have slower conversion speeds. Key specifications for DACs include resolution, speed, linearity, settling time, reference voltages, and errors. DACs are used in applications like digital motor control, printers, audio equipment, and electronic cruise control.

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68 views21 pages

Digital To Analog Converters (DAC) : Swapnil Jadhav 1 AKI'S Poona College

Digital to analog converters (DACs) convert digital signals to analog voltages. There are two main types of DACs: binary weighted resistor DACs and R-2R ladder DACs. Binary weighted resistor DACs use weighted resistors and switches to distinguish each bit, but require large ranges of high precision resistors. R-2R ladder DACs only require two resistor values and do not need high precision resistors, though they have slower conversion speeds. Key specifications for DACs include resolution, speed, linearity, settling time, reference voltages, and errors. DACs are used in applications like digital motor control, printers, audio equipment, and electronic cruise control.

Uploaded by

AmitKumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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07 sept 2012

Digital to Analog
Converters (DAC)
Swapnil Jadhav
M.sc-1
AKIS Poona College

What is a DAC?
A digital to analog converter (DAC) converts

a digital signal to an analog voltage or


current output.

100101

DAC

Block Diagram

Types of DACs
Many types of DACs available.
Usually switches, resistors, and op-amps used

to implement conversion
Two Types:
Binary Weighted Resistor
R-2R Ladder

Binary Weighted Resistor


Utilizes a summing op-amp circuit
Weighted resistors are used to distinguish

each bit from the most significant to the least


significant
Transistors are used to switch between V ref and
ground (bit high or low)

Binary Weighted Resistor


Assume Ideal

Op-

amp
No current into opamp
Virtual ground at
inverting input
Vout= -IRf

Vref
R
2R
4R

2nR

Rf
+

Vout

Binary Weighted Resistor


Voltages V1 through Vn are
either Vref if corresponding bit
is high or ground if
corresponding bit is low
V1 is most significant bit
Vn is least significant bit

Vref
V1

V2

2R

V3

4R

Vn

Rf
+

2n-1R

MSB

Vout IRf Rf

V1 V2 V3
Vn

n -1
R 2R 4R
2 R

LSB

Vout

Binary Weighted Resistor


Advantages
Simple Construction/Analysis
Fast Conversion

Disadvantages
Requires large range of resistors (2000:1 for

12-bit DAC) with necessary high precision for


low resistors
Requires low switch resistances in transistors
Can be expensive. Therefore, usually limited
to 8-bit resolution.

R-2R Ladder
Each bit corresponds
to a switch:

Vref

If the bit is high,


the corresponding
switch is connected to
the inverting input of
the op-amp.

Bit: 0

4-Bit Converter

Vout

If the bit is low, the


corresponding switch
is connected to ground.

R-2R Ladder
Advantages
Only two resistor values (R and 2R)
Does not require high precision resistors
Disadvantage
Lower conversion speed than binary weighted
DAC

Specifications of DACs

Resolution
Speed
Linearity
Settling Time
Reference Voltages
Errors

Resolution
Smallest analog increment corresponding to 1

LSB change
An N-bit resolution can resolve 2N distinct
analog levels
Common DAC has a 8-16 bit resolution

Resolution VLSB

Vref

2N
where N number of bits

Speed
Rate of conversion of a single digital input to

its analog equivalent


Conversion rate depends on
clock speed of input signal
settling time of converter
When the input changes rapidly, the DAC

conversion speed must be high.

Linearity
The difference between the desired analog

output and the actual output over the full


range of expected values

Linearity
Ideally, a DAC should produce a linear

relationship between the digital input and


analog output
Linearity (Ideal)

Non-Linearity

Settling Time
Time required for the output signal to settle within

+/- LSB of its final value after a given change in


input scale
Limited by slew rate of output amplifier
Ideally, an instantaneous change in analog voltage
would occur when a new binary word enters into DAC

Reference Voltages
Used to determine how each digital input will

be assigned to each voltage division


Types:
Non-multiplier DAC: Vref is fixed
Multiplier DAC: Vref provided by external source

Types of Errors Associated with DACs


Gain
Offset
Full Scale
Resolution
Non-Linearity
Non-Monotonic
Settling Time and Overshoot

Applications
Digital Motor Control
Computer Printers
Sound Equipment (e.g. CD/MP3 Players, etc.)
Electronic Cruise Control
Digital Thermostat

References
Google
INTERNET

wikipedi
a

THANK
YOU

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