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Genetic Code

The document discusses the genetic code and protein synthesis. It explains that the genetic code is the sequence of DNA base pairs that codes for amino acids and proteins. There are 4 bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine) that make up triplets called codons that code for 20 amino acids. The codons are read in groups of 3 bases and some codons code for a particular amino acid, while others mark the beginning or end. The code is non-overlapping and degenerate, meaning more than one codon can code for the same amino acid. Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to form a polypeptide chain using tRNA and ribosomes.

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371 views

Genetic Code

The document discusses the genetic code and protein synthesis. It explains that the genetic code is the sequence of DNA base pairs that codes for amino acids and proteins. There are 4 bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine) that make up triplets called codons that code for 20 amino acids. The codons are read in groups of 3 bases and some codons code for a particular amino acid, while others mark the beginning or end. The code is non-overlapping and degenerate, meaning more than one codon can code for the same amino acid. Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA to mRNA and translation of mRNA to form a polypeptide chain using tRNA and ribosomes.

Uploaded by

gopikupuchitty
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

GENETIC CODE

K. GOPI

1
DNA
• Double helix
structure
• Adenine, thymine,
cytosine and
guanine
• Genetic code =
sequence of base
pairs that codes
amino acids
(protein)

2
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• Formed from
amino acids
(20)
• Variety of
proteins
• Amino acids
joined together
by ribosomes

3
GENETIC CODE
• Three bases to code one amino acid
• Triplet code
• 4x4x4 combinations (64)
• Three base sequence is known codon
• Some codon codes for particular amino
acid
• Others beginning or ending of amino
acid
• Non-overlapping and degenerate

4
CODON

5
NON-OVERLAPPING
CODE…
• UUUAGC
• UUU (phenylalanine) & AGC
(serine)
• Not UUU,UUA,UAG,AGC

6
DEGENERATE CODE
• Known as redundant
• Contains more information than it needs
• Final base in triplet is changed; the
mutation still produces the same amino
acid
• Protects from the harmful effect of
mutation

7
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

• Transcription- formation of
mRNA
• Translation – formation
polypeptide chain

8
TRANSCRIPTION3’ 5’

• DNA copied to form mRNA


• Breaking up of the helix
structure (hydrogen bond)
by ‘DNA-directed RNA 3’
polymerase’
• Only 5’ prime DNA
trancribed to Mrna
• Template strand
• RNA polymerase
polymerises the small
nucleotides to form mRNA
5’ 5’
3’
9
TRANSCRIPTION3’ 5’
• Each triplet code of DNA-
complementary codon of mRNA
• DNA template read 3’ to 5’ by RNA
polymerase
• RNA syntesised in 5’ to 3’ direction 3’
• Thymine (T) replaced by Uracil (U) in
RNA
• Sense strand (mRNA)
• Antisense strand (DNA template)
• Pass through nuclear membrane to the
cytoplasm (ribosome)

5’ 5’
3’
10
TRANSLATION
• Involves tRNA (transfer
RNA) in cytoplasm
• Picks up amino acids from
protoplasm to the surface of
ribosomes
• Each tRNA has a unit of
three bases known anticodon
• Each amino acis has its own
tRNA molecule

11
RIBOSOME
• Made of 50 % of ribosomal RNA and
50 % protein
• Ribosomal RNA made in nucleus and
remains in cytoplasm
• Large and small subunit
• Hold together mRNA, tRNA, and
enzymes controlling protein
synthesis

12
TRANSLATION
• Start codon- AUG
• Stop codon- UAA, UAC or UGA
• mRNA attached to ribosome,
ribosome will read mRNA from start
codon
• Codes methionine
• tRNA lines up its anticodon alongside
the complementary codon of mRNA

13
TRANSLATION
• Hydrogen bond formed and each amino
acids linked together by peptide bonds
• tRNA returns to the cytoplasm to pick up
other amino acid
• Ribosome moves along mRNA until reaching
the stop codon
• Leaving completed polypeptide
• Always starts with methionine
• But removed by enzymes before the
polypeptide becomes part of active protein
(post-transcriptional change)
• Causes variety (25000 genes but 90000
proteins)
14
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

15
16
THANK YOU

17

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