GARBAGE & WASTES

Definition
Types of Wastes
Environmental Impacts of Waste
Waste processing and control
Disposal Methods
Responsibilities of the Citizen
Waste hierarchy
Re-thinking Waste
Waste Treatment Technologies
Various WM NGOs
Available Management Courses
Books & Magazine
WM Journals
Enterprises and waste management solution providers

DEFINITIONS

According to the Basel Convention:

"Substances or objects which are disposed of or
are intended to be disposed of or are required to
be disposed of by the provisions of national law"
(Basel Convention).

Produced by the United Nations Statistics

Division (UNSD):
"Wastes are materials that are not prime products
(that is products produced for the market) for
which the generator has no further use in terms
of his/her own purposes of production,
transformation or consumption, and of which
he/she wants to dispose. Wastes may be
generated during the extraction of raw materials,
the processing of raw materials into intermediate
and final products, the consumption of final
products, and other human activities. Residuals
recycled or reused at the place of generation are
excluded."

The European Union defines waste as an object

the holder discards, intends to discard or is
required to discard.

Waste Management Licensing Regulations 1994

defines waste as: any substance or object which
the producer or the person in possession of it,
discards or intends or is required to discard but
with exception of anything excluded from the
scope of the Waste Directive.

INTRODUCTION

Unavoidable by-product of most human activity.

<Will Add a garbage dumping practices video here>

TYPES OF WASTES
A.

Generation and Characteristics

Municipal Solid Waste
Industrial Solid Waste
Agricultural Waste and Residues
Hazardous Waste
Nuclear Waste

Municipal solid waste

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is generated from households,
offices, hotels, shops, schools and other institutions. The major
components are food waste, paper, plastic, rags, metal and
glass, although demolition and construction debris is often
included in collected waste, as are small quantities of
hazardous waste, such as electric light bulbs, batteries,
automotive parts and discarded medicines and chemicals.

Industrial Solid Waste

Industrial solid waste in the Asian and Pacific Region, as

elsewhere, encompasses a wide range of materials of varying
environmental toxicity. Typically this range would include
paper, packaging materials, waste from food processing, oils,
solvents, resins, paints and sludges, glass, ceramics, stones,
metals, plastics, rubber, leather, wood, cloth, straw, abrasives,
etc.

Agricultural Waste and Residues

Expanding agricultural production has naturally resulted in

increased quantities of livestock waste, agricultural crop
residues and agro-industrial by-products.

Hazardous Waste
A hazardous waste is waste that poses substantial or potential
threats to public health or the environment. There are four factors
that determine whether or not a substance is hazardous:
ignitability (i.e., flammable)
reactivity
corrosivity
toxicity

Nuclear Waste
Nuclear waste is the radioactive waste left over from nuclear
reactors, nuclear research projects, and nuclear bomb
production. Nuclear waste is divided into low, medium, and
high-level waste by the amount of radioactivity the waste
produces.

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B. Environmental Impacts of Waste

Nature's price- effect of chemicals and hazardous waste on soil

and water conditions.
Animals- effect of chemicals on wildlife and food cycles.
Heath- waste accumulation breeds bacteria and is a good
breeding area for vectors e.g. mosquitoes.
Eye sore to man - destruction of the beauty and tranquility of
the earth.
Economy- the long term effects of waste on the environment
are hard to see so it is much easier to ignore our waste now
and leave the future generation to literally pay the price.

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Waste processing and control

Municipal Solid Waste/ Industrial Solid Waste

(a) Collection and Transfer

door-to-door collection

indirect collection - containers, communal bins placed near

markets, in residential areas and other appropriate locations.

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(b) Material Recovery, Reuse and Recycling

Recycling involves processing used waste materials into new
products to prevent waste of potentially useful materials,
reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, reduce energy
usage, reduce air pollution (from incineration) and water
pollution (from landfilling) by reducing the need for
"conventional" waste disposal, and lower greenhouse gas
emissions as compared to virgin production.

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(c) Disposal Methods for MSW/ISW

Open Dumping
Land filling
Incineration

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Open Dumping

Most widespread
method of solid waste
disposal
Uncontrolled disposal of
waste without measures
to control leachate, dust,
odor, landfill gas or
vermin.
Open burning of waste
is practiced at
dumpsites.
Waste is dumped along
the shoreline and into
the sea.

Drawbacks :
scarcity of available land.
build-up of landfill gas
(predominantly methane),
which can led to outbreaks
of fire and adverse health
effects on workers and
adjacent residents.

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Landfilling

disposal of waste materials by burial

Its impacts includes,
- fatal accidents
- infrastructure damage
- pollution of local environment
- Off gassing of landfill gas (Methane)
- harboring of disease vectors

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Incineration
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the
combustion of organic substances contained in waste
materials.
Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash,
flue gas, and heat.
Incinerators reduce the mass of the original waste by 8085 %
and the volume by 95-96 %.

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Bio-Medical Waste

Bio-medical waste means any

solid and/or liquid waste including
its container and any intermediate
product, which is generated during
the diagnosis, treatment or
immunization of human beings or
animals or in research pertaining
thereto or in the production or
testing thereof.
It differs from other hazardous
waste because of its source of
generation.

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Environmental Concern
The following are the main environmental concerns with respect
to improper disposal of bio-medical waste management:
Spread of infection and disease through vectors (fly, mosquito,
insects etc.) which affect the in -house as well as surrounding
population.
Spread of infection through contact/injury among medical/nonmedical personnel and sweepers/rag pickers, especially from the
sharps (needles,blades etc.).
Spread of infection through unauthorized recycling of disposable
items such as hypodermic needles, tubes, blades, bottles etc.
Reaction due to use of discarded medicines
Toxic emissions from defective/inefficient incinerators.
Indiscriminate disposal of incinerator ash / residues.
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E-Waste

Electronic waste, e-waste, e-scrap, or Waste Electrical and Electronic

Equipment (WEEE) describes loosely discarded, surplus, obsolete, or
broken electrical or electronic devices.
Some electronic scrap components, such as CRTs, contain contaminants
such as lead, cadmium, beryllium, mercury, and brominated flame
retardants.

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Effects on environment and human health

Computer wastes that are landfilled produces contaminated
leachates which eventually pollute the groundwater. Acids and
sludge obtained from melting computer chips, if disposed on
the ground causes acidification of soil.
Incineration of e-wastes can emit toxic fumes and gases,
thereby polluting the surrounding air.
Improperly monitored landfills can cause environmental
hazards.
The most dangerous form of burning e-waste is the open-air
burning of plastics in order to recover copper and other metals.

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Responsibilities of the Citizen

Waste prevention is perhaps more preferred to any other waste management option
including recycling. Donating electronics for reuse extends the lives of valuable products
and keeps them out of the waste management system for a longer time. But care should be
taken while donating such items i.e. the items should be in working condition.
Reuse, in addition to being an environmentally preferable alternative, also benefits society.
By donating used electronics, schools, non-profit organizations, and lower-income
families can afford to use equipment that they otherwise could not afford.
E-wastes should never be disposed with garbage and other household wastes. This should
be segregated at the site and sold or donated to various organizations.
While buying electronic products opt for those that:
are made with fewer toxic constituents
use recycled content
are energy efficient
are designed for easy upgrading or disassembly
utilize minimal packaging
offer leasing or take back options
have been certified by regulatory authorities. Customers should
opt for upgrading their computers or other electronic items to the
latest versions rather than buying new equipments.

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Waste hierarchy
The waste hierarchy refers to
the 3Rs of reduce, reuse and
recycle, which classify waste
management strategies
according to their desirability.
The 3Rs are meant to be a
hierarchy, in order of
importance.
The aim of the waste hierarchy
is to extract the maximum
practical benefits from
products and to generate the
minimum amount of waste.
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Re-thinking Waste
Reduce - to buy less and use less. Incorporates common sense
ideas like turning off the lights, rain barrels, and taking shorter
showers, but also plays a part in Composting/Grasscycling
(transportation energy is reduced), low-flow toilets, and
programmable thermostats. Includes the terms Re-think,
Precycle, Carpool, Efficient, and Environmental
Footprint/Foodprint.

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 Reuse - elements of the discarded item are used again.

Initiatives include Hand-Me-Downs, Garage Sales, Quilting,
and Composting (nutrients). Includes the terms Repair, Regift,
and Upcycle.
Recycle - discards are separated into materials that may be
incorporated into new products. This is different from Reuse in
that energy is used to change the physical properties of the
material. Initiatives include Composting, Beverage Container
Deposits and buying products with a high content of postconsumer material.

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 Generate - capturing useful material for waste to energy

programs. Includes Methane Collection, Gasification and
Digestion, and the term Recover.
Incinerate - high temperature destruction of material. Differs
from Gasification in that oxygen is used; differs from burning
in that high temperatures consume material efficiently and
emissions are controlled.

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Waste Treatment Technologies

Composting
Anaerobic digestion
Gasification
Waste autoclave

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Composting

treating solid waste in which

organic material is broken down
by microorganisms in the
presence of oxygen to a point
where it can be safely stored,
handled and applied to the
environment.
essential part of reducing
household wastes, garden wastes.
can be done inexpensively by
every household and produce a
product -- finished compost or
humus -- that can benefit the
environment as a natural fertilizer
for gardening and farming.
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Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic digestion is a series of processes in which
microorganisms break down biodegradable material in the
absence of oxygen, used for industrial or domestic purposes to
manage waste and/or to release energy.
Anaerobic digestion is widely used as a renewable energy
source because the process produces a methane and carbon
dioxide rich biogas suitable for energy production, helping to
replace fossil fuels. The nutrient-rich digestate which is also
produced can be used as fertilizer.

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Gasification

Gasification is a process that

converts carbonaceous materials,
such as coal, petroleum, biofuel,
or biomass, into carbon monoxide
and hydrogen by reacting the raw
material, such as house waste, or
compost at high temperatures
with a controlled amount of
oxygen and/or steam. The
resulting gas mixture is called
synthesis gas or Syn-gas and is
itself a fuel. Gasification is a
method for extracting energy from
many different types of organic
materials.
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Waste autoclave
solid waste treatment that utilizes heat, steam and pressure of
an industrial autoclave in the processing of waste.
waste autoclaves process waste in batches. Saturated steam is
pumped into the autoclave at temperatures around 160C. The
pressure in the vessel is maintained at 5 bar gauge for a period
of up to 45 minutes to allow the process to fully 'cook' the
waste.
The autoclave process gives a very high pathogen and virus
kill rate.

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Various WM NGOs

TOXICSLINK - http://www.toxicslink.org
9/5 (2nd Floor), Second Street, Padmanabha Nagar, Adyar, Chennai 600 020
T: 91-44- 42607642 E: [email protected], [email protected]

SIPCOT Area Community Environmental Monitor http://www.sipcotcuddalore.com

Cuddalore District Consumer Protection Organization
72/7, Nethaji Road, Manjakuppam, Cuddalore 607001 Tel: 04142 23097

Independent Consultant* - Raghavan Dr. Sekar - Tree plantation awareness, water

harvesting, waste water recycle, waste management, eco-sanitation - Chennai

Independent Consultant* - Subash, Mr. - Municipal Solid waste Management, Vermi

composting, Grey Water Recycling, Tree Plantation, Kitchen Garden and Organic farming
Chennai

* Source - wikipedia

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EXNORA GREEN CROSS - http://www.exnoragreencross-vellore.org

1/15, Kesavapillai street, Ist cross, Sainathapuram, Vellore 632001, Vellore District, Tamil
Nadu, India Phone : 0416-2263500 / 0416-2264500 (Off)
email : [email protected], [email protected]

Eco Friendly Environment Conservation Trust

- http://efectkodaigreen.tripod.com
17/181-A/1-A, Sivanadi Road, Kodaikanal 624101 Tamil Nadu
Tel : 91-4542-243129, 91-4542-245129 Email : [email protected]

Green World Trust -29, Vijayalaxmi Nagar, Nagamangalam, Trichy - 620012

Tamil Nadu Tel : 91-431-2906253 Email : [email protected] and [email protected]
Contact Person : B.Jayapal Purpose : Solid waste MGT

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Available Management Courses

Annamalai University Distance Education PG Diploma in Waste

Management, Environmental Management 1 year
Fees : INR
40000/-

BSI Management Systems India Pvt. Ltd.

Plot No. 1987, H-Block
5th Street, 2th Main Road, Anna Nagar Chennai 600040 India Telephone:
+91 (0)44 2616 0694
Courses in ISO 14001 Env.Mgmt Systems

Short-term Course Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Waste

Management.

Post Graduate - M.V.Sc. - MADRAS VETERINARY COLLEGE Environmental hygiene and Waste Management.
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Books & Magazine

Municipal solid waste management / N.N. Bandela, D.G. Tare

Integrated solid waste management model / Rudy S. Prawiradinata
The practical guide to waste management law [electronic resource] / R.G.P. Hawkins, H.S. Shaw
Electronic waste management / editors, R.E. Hester and R.M. Harrison
Waste management for the food industries / authored by Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis
Nuclear waste management : accomplishments of the Environmental Management Science
Program / Paul W. Wang, editor, Tiffany Zachry, editor ; sponsored by the ACS Division of
Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
Municipal solid waste management : strategies and technologies for sustainable solutions /
Christian Ludwig, Stefanie Hellweg, Samuel Stucki, editors
Handbook of solid waste management and waste minimization technologies / Nicholas P.
Cheremisinoff
Environmental and health impact of solid waste management activities / editors, R.E. Hester and
R.M. Harrison
Economics of solid waste management / by Mabel Ho Swee Ing
Ho, Mabel Swee Ing.
The economics of residential solid waste management / Thomas C. Kinnaman, Don Fullerton
Solid waste management : technology assessment / / by the General Electric Company
Handbook on hospital solid waste management / [by] Frank L. Cross, Jr. and George Noble

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Lets Talk Trash: The Kids Book About Recycling - David, Fassler &
Kelly McQueen
Fifty Simple Things Kids Can Do to Recycle
by Earthworks Group Staff
Publisher: Earth Works
Where Does Garbage Go?
by Isaac Asimov
Publisher: Gareth Stevens, Inc.
Dear Garbage Man
by Gene Zion.
New York: Harper Collins, 1988 (paperback)
Let's Compost
by Nancy Hansen.

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WM Journals

Compost Science and

Utilization
A quarterly peer-reviewed journal
focusing on management
techniques to improve compost
process control and product
quality, with special emphasis on
utilization of composted
materials. Must reading for
professionals seriously involved
in the composting process
project managers, planners,
researchers, consultants,
municipal officials, and libraries.

Waste Management World

'Waste Management World, ISWAs
official newsmagazine is
published by ISWA and
PennWell, UK, 6 times a year.
One issue a year will incorporate
the International Directory of
Solid Waste Management with a
listing of ISWA Members as well
as a classified listing of waste
management companies.

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 MSW Management
MSW Management is written for professionals
working in the solid waste management
industry. Our readers are those who plan,
site, build, engineer, maintain, monitor and
operate private or public-sector solid waste
landfills, solid waste and recycling
collection and disposal systems,
composting operations, yard waste
processing operations, incinerators, and all
other operations and facilities that are used
to manage our solid wastes. MSW
Management was established in 1991 and
is published 7 times each year, reaching
about 25,000 subscribers with each issue.

Waste Management &

Research
Waste Management Research satisfies the
growing demand for essential information
that can be practically applied by those
who are responsible for the management of
solid waste. The journal publishes results
from a broad cross section of researchers
and practitioners in the field, from
academic institutions, governments and the
private sector.

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 Waste Management
International Journal of Integrated
Waste Management, Science and
Technology
Waste Management is an international journal
devoted to the presentation and discussion
of information on the generation,
prevention, characterization, monitoring,
treatment, handling, reuse and ultimate
residual disposition of solid wastes, both
in industrialized and in economically
developing countries. The journal
addresses various types of solid wastes
including municipal (e.g., residential,
institutional, commercial, light industrial),
agricultural, and special (e.g., C and D,
health care, household hazardous wastes,
sewage sludge).

Journal of Material Cycles and

Waste Management

The Journal of Material Cycles and Waste

Management is an official publication of
the Japan Society of Waste Management
Experts. The aim of the journal is to reflect
the role of the Society, which is to develop
solutions and prescriptions for material
cycles. The focus of the journal is twofold:
research in technical, political, and
environmental problems of material cycles
and waste management, and information
that contributes to the development of an
interdisciplinary science of material cycles
and waste management.

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International Journal of
Environment and Waste
Management (IJEWM)

The objectives of IJEWM are to establish an

effective channel of communication
between policy-makers, government
agencies, academics and research
institutions, and professionals working in
the field, and to provide a forum for them
to disseminate information. The
international dimension is emphasized in
order to overcome cultural and national
barriers and to meet the needs of
accelerating technological change and
changes in the global economy. It will serve
as a vehicle for the documentation and
dissemination of what government bodies,
research agencies, international bodies,
universities, aid agencies, industries, and
environmental scientists and professionals
are doing in the areas of environmental and
waste management.

The Journal of Solid Waste

Technology and Management

It is an international peer-reviewed journal

covering landfill, recycling, waste-toenergy, waste reduction, waste policy,
waste economics, composting, waste
transfer, waste collection, municipal waste,
industrial waste, residual waste and other
MSW - municipal solid waste management
and technology subjects.

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Enterprises and waste management

solution providers

ENVIRO SOLUTIONS & SERVICES - undertakes Design, Engineering, Manufacturing, Installation of

ENVIRO CARE INDIA PVT LTD - engaged in offering valuable consultancy in the field of

Water/Waste Water Treatment plants and Air Pollution Control Systems. We offer environmental
consulting services (EIA/EMP)
http://www.pollution-control-technologies.com/
0/2, Fifth Cross Extension, Bharathi Nagar, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu - 641 006, India
Email:[email protected], [email protected]
Telephone:+(91)-(422)-2512575 Mobile:+(91)-9843030427

Environmental Management. Committed to serve clients with operation and maintenance services of
water treatment plants, effluent treatment plants and sewage treatment plants along with environmental
laboratory analysis, waste disposal land filling, maintenance of treatment plant, pollution control
system analysis, air pollution monitoring system, process stack monitoring system, treat ability studies.
http://www.indiamart.com/envirocare/
Mr. S. T. Moorthy
No. 22, Ist Cross Street,, West CIT Nagar, Near Nanthi Statue, Chennai, Tamil Nadu - 600 035,
Email:[email protected], [email protected]
Telephone:+(91)-(44)-42867084/ +(91)-(452)-4355103 Mobile:+(91)-9994896263/ 9003923702

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TATIA GLOBAL VENNTURE LIMITED provides solutions in Biomass, Energy

Auditing, Solar Products, Solid Waste Management,Wind Energy products.
http://www.indiamart.com/company/2440710/#profile
Ms. Suseela Devi
3rd Floor Aroshree Towers, 19 Rutland Gate, Nungambakkam, Chennai- 600 006
Telephone: +(91)-(44)-64585921

VNS Enviro Biotechq Pvt. Ltd - envisions a safer ecological environment which has led

to the development and integration of cost effective, highly efficient and secured solutions
rendering the Earth Clean and Green and Water on this Planet Pure & Safe.
http://www.vnsenviro.net/
Plot No. 69-B, Subiksha Flats, Daniel Street, Puzhuthivakkam
Chennai, Tamil Nadu - 600 091, India
Email:[email protected], [email protected]
Telephone:+(91)-(44)-65392874 Mobile:+(91)-9940189452

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