Lecture 2
February 8, 2012
Extra class
5.30 pm 7.00 pm
Cross section Properties
Classification
Moment rotation behaviour
Cross section properties used in design
Design of steel structures
Cross section Properties
Elastic section properties
Plastic section properties
Design of steel structures
Elastic Section Properties
The exact section dimensions
The location of the centroid if the section
is asymmetric about one or both axes
Area of cross section
Moments of inertia about various axes
Radii of gyration about various axes
Moduli of section for various axes
Design of steel structures
Plastic section properties
Plastic moduli of section
Design of steel structures
Other important properties of universal beams, joists
and channels used for determining the buckling
resistance moments
Buckling parameter, u
Torsional index, x
Warping constant, H
Torsional constant , J
These properties are given in standard tables or can be
calculated using formulae given in BS 5950 part 1
Design of steel structures
Elastic section properties
Area = 2BT+dt
BD 3
d3
MomentofinertiaYYaxi s
B t
12
12
2TB 3 dt 3
momentofinertiaZZaxis
12
12
Radiusofgyration
Ix
A
Radiusofgyration
Modulusof sec tion, Zz
Symmetrical I section
Modulusof sec tion, Iyy
Iz
A
Iz
D / 2
Iy
B / 2
Modulus of section is the elastic modulus of section
Design of steel structures
Problem
Determine the properties of a plated UB section 610 UB 125
strengthened by welding a 300 mm x 20 mm plate to each flange.
Determine the section properties Ix and Zx
229 mm
19.6 mm
612
11.9 mm
Wel,y = 986 x 106 mm4
Wpl,y=3680 x 10 3 mm3
Solution:
The properties of the UB are available in tables and are shown above.
Because of the symmetry of the section the centroid of the plated UB
Design of steel structures
Is at the web centre.
The properties Ix and Zx are elastic properties i.e. the whole section is effective
I welded sec tion IUB 2 I plate Areaofplat e dis tan cefromCG platetoCGUB
Moment of inertia of plate is small compared to other values , so omitted .
I welded 986 106 2 300 20 612 20 / 2 2184 106 mm 4
2
Ix
2184 10 6
Zx
6700 103 mm3
D / 2 612 2 20 Design of steel structures
Plastic moment of a section
Neutral axis
fy
fy
M= X Zxx
Me=Py x Zxx
fy
Mp=Py x Sxx
Derivation:
Plastic Moment = Py x area in compression x d/2
= Py x area in tension x d/2
= Py ( area in compression x d/4 +area in tension x d/4)
= Py x algebraic sum of first moments of area about equal area axis
Design of steel structures
Plastic modulus and shape factor
PlasticModulus
PlasticMomentof sec tion
D
Shape factor of a section is defined as
, where
plastic mod ulus S xx
elastic mod ulus Z xx
Problem: Determine the elastic moment, plastic moment,
elastic section modulus, plastic modulus and shape factor for the
rectangular section
10 mm
500mm
Design of steel structures
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Elastic properties
MomentOfInertia
bd 3 10 5003
104166666.7mm 4
12
12
ElasticSectionModulus
I xx
104166666.7
416666.67 mm 3
D
500
2
2
ElasticMomentof sec tion Z xx f y 416666.7 f y
Plastic properties
Plastic sec tion mod ulus algebraic sum of first moments of area about equal area axis
Equal area axis coincides with the centroid of section
d
Plastic sec tionModulus 2 areaAboveEqualAreaAxis
4
500 500
PlasticModulus 2 10
625000mm 3
2
4
Plasticmoment Plastic mod ulus f y 625000 f y
ShapeFactor
S xx
625000
1.5
Z xx 416666.67
Design of steel structures
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Determine the shape factor for 610x229x125 UB S275
From the table of properties of
Universal Beams, the
properties can be obtained:
Zxx = 3220 cm3
Sxx=3680 cm3
S xx 3680
1.143
Z xx 3220
The value of shape factor for most I-sections is about 1.15
Design of steel structures
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Types of elements
Two distinct types of elements
Outstand element elements attached to adjacent
element at one edge only , the other end being free
Internal elements elements attached to other elements
at both longitudinal edges
Outstand elements
Internal elements
Design of steel structures
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More example
Outstand elements
Internal
elements
Design of steel structures
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Local Buckling
The outstand element (flange) of an I beam will buckle
prematurely) if it is too thin
Webs also will buckle under compressive stresses from
bending and shear
To prevent local buckling from occurring it is necessary
to limit their outstand/thickness ratios for flanges and
depth /thickness ratios for webs
d/t ratio for web
b/t ratio for flanges
Design of steel structures
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Effective width, effective area; effective moment of inertia and
effective section modulus
When the plate buckles, the whole width or area is not effective
The effective width limitation under different conditions are given in
the code.
The effective area is calculated based on the effective widths
multiplied by thicknesses
Effective moment of inertia is moment of inertia calculated using the
effective areas
Effective section modulus is determined from Effective moment of
inertia divided by extreme fibre distance from Neutral axis
Design of steel structures
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Section classification
Clause 5.5.2 BS EN 1993-1-1:2005 classifies the
compression elements of structural members into 4
categories depending upon their resistance to local
buckling effects, which may affect their load carrying
capacity.
The compression may be due to direct axial force ,
bending moment or a combination of both
Cross sections are classified as
Class 1 cross sections
Class 2 cross sections
Class 3 cross sections
Class 4 cross sections
Design of steel structures
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Classification
The role of cross section classification is to identify the
extent to which the resistance and rotation capacity of
cross sections is limited by its local buckling resistance
The class (refers to Class 1,2,3,4) of cross section is
determined based on the c/t values of the compression
parts compared to the limits given in table 5.2 of Code.
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Design of steel structures
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20
The limiting aspect ratio depends on the design strength f y
as shown below where fy = 235, 275, 355, 420 or 460
235
f
y
0.5
Design of steel structures
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Moment rotation behaviour
The following classification should be applied.
Class 1 cross sections: Cross-sections which can form a plastic hinge with rotation capacity
required for plastic analysis. Elements subject to compression that meet the limits for class 1
given in Table 5.2 should be classified as class 1 plastic.
Class 2 compact: Cross-sections which can develop their plastic moment resistance, but have
limited rotation capacity because of local buckling. Elements subject to compression that meet
the limits for class 2 given in Table 5.2 should be classified as class 2 compact.
Class 3 semi-compact: Cross-sections in which the stress at the extreme compression fibre can
reach the yield strength, but the plastic moment capacity cannot be developed due to local
buckling. Elements subject to compression that meet the limits for class 3 given in Table 5.2
should be classified as class 3 semi-compact.
Class 4 slender: Cross-sections in which local buckling will occur before attainment of yield stress
in one or more parts of the cross section. It is necessary to make explicit allowance for the
effects of local buckling. Elements subject to compression that do not meet the limits for class 3
semi-compact given in Table 5.2 should be classified as class 4 slender.
Design of steel structures
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Moment rotation behaviour
Mp
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Me
Moment M
Class 4
rotation
Design of steel structures
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Moment rotation behaviour
Neutral axis
fy
M= X Zxx
Class 4 Slender
Figure a
fy
Me=fy x Zxx
Class 3 Semi compact
Figure b
Zxx = elastic section modulus
Sxx = plastic section modulus
= elastic stress
Design of steel structures
Py = design strength
fy
Mp=fy x Sxx
Class 2 Compact
Class 1 Plastic
Figure c
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Descriptions
Slender section: When aspect ratio is relatively high, then local
buckling may prevent any part of the cross section from reaching
the design strength (Py). Such sections are called slender sections
or class 4; their reduced capacity is based on effective cross section
properties.
Semi compact section or class 3: Semi compact sections may be
prevented from reaching their full plastic moment capacity by local
buckling of one or more elements of the cross section. The aspect
ratio may be such that only the extreme fibre stress can attain the
design strength before local buckling occurs. Such sections are
classified as Class 3 and their capacity is therefore based on the
limiting elastic moment as shown in figure b above.
Compact section or class 2: Sections which have full plastic
moment capacity but not sufficient hinge rotation capacity
Plastic section or class 1: sections which have full plastic moment
and hinge rotation capacity
Design of steel structures
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DETERMINING CLASSIFICATIONS FOR SECTIONS
Example 1
Determine the classification for section 356 x
127 UB 33 Grade 275 subject bending
Sx = 539.8 cm3, Ixx = 8200cm4, B = 125.4 mm, D
= 348.5 mm t = 5.9 mm T = 8.5mm, r = 10.2
mm (figure next slide)
Table 5.2 is to be used.
235
f
y
0.5
235
275
0.5
0.924
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Cf/tf=(125.4-5.9-2x10.2)/(2x8.5)=5.83
3
d/t = 311.1/5.9 =52.7<80note d=D-2T-2r
Design of steel structures
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Compression
Flange
Actual
Cf/tf= 5.83
Web
d/t = 52.7<66.5
since it is
beam, the NA is
at mid depth..
Limits
c/t9
9x0.924=8.32
.element is
plastic
Limits c/t72
72x0.924=66.5
web is
plastic.
Since all elements are plastic, the section is also plastic
Design of steel structures
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Flange
Minor axis or z axis
r
WEB
Major axis or y axis
D
C for web = d = D-2T-2r
C for flange = (B-tw-2r)/2
So even if d and c are not given; they can be calculated from D and B
Design of steel structures
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Cross section properties of sections
cl.6.2.2 of EC3
The cross section properties are dependent on the
classification seen earlier
The capacity of class 4 : slender sections is calculated
using effective section properties like effective cross
section area and effective section modulus
Effective plastic section modulus is used for class 3 :
semi-compact sections
Net cross sectional allowing for reduced area due to bolt
holes
Gross cross section properties
Design of steel structures
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Gross cross section 6.2.2.1
Gross cross section properties are determined from the
specified shape and nominal dimensions of the member
or element
Holes for bolts should not be deducted but due
allowance must be made for larger openings
Material used solely in splices or as battens should not
be included
Design of steel structures
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Net cross sectional area, an
The reduction in the cross sectional area due to bolt holes
The clear hole size is deducted.
20 mm dia bolt requires 22 dia holes- so deduction is area
corresponding to 22 mm diameter.
The holes can have different arrangements the strength depends
on the hole arrangement
Case 1: Holes are not staggered
Case 2: Holes are staggered
Design of steel structures
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Holes are not staggered
The net area of a cross-section = gross area minus appropriate areas for
all holes and other openings.
If the fastener holes are not staggered, then total area to be deducted
shall be the maximum sum of the sectional areas of the holes in any
cross-section perpendicular to the member axis (perpendicular to the
direction of the applied stress in the member.
Diameter of bolt =d
Net cross sectional area bt n d ' t
'
d d 2mm
Design of steel structures
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Plate with staggered holes
When the holes are staggered it is necessary to use special
formulae to calculate the deduction
It is necessary to consider all possible failure paths extending progressively
through the member
The net width now must account for the change in direction of the line of
fracture.
Design of steel structures
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s1
s1
s1
S is staggered pitch
G is the gauge
g1
T is the thickness
g1
g1
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Minimum amount of stagger
The minimum amount of stagger Spm for which a hole no longer
reduces the area of the member depends on the diameter d of the
hole and the inclination Sg/Sp of the failure path, where sg is the
gauge distance between the rows of holes.
An approximate expression for this minimum stagger is
1
2
s pm 4s g d
When the actual stagger sp is less than spm, deduction is
reduced by sp2 x t/4sg
Design of steel structures
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First, consider the different ways a tension
member with staggered holes can
fracture. These pictures depict the
different lines of failure. When analyzing a
member like this, it is important to find all
the lines of failure and then determine
which line of failure is the weakest cross
section. That cross section will be taken
as the net width
Design of steel structures
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Case 1
d
d
Area to be deducted = 2x dt
t
Case 2
s
d
s2
areadeduct ed 3 d t
t
4g
'
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s
d
ns 2t
areadeduct ed 4 d t
4g
'
Where n= number of slant
failure lines
Find the maximum area to be deducted from above three cases. This will
produce the minimum area and therefore the critical section
Where s and g are different , different expressions have to be written
Net area, an = Gross area deductions for holes
Design of steel structures
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Problem 1: Determine the gross cross sectional area, net
cross sectional area
80 mm
55 mm 80 mm
55mm
180mm wide
x
10 mm thick
plate
40 mm
50 mm
40 mm
Design of steel structures
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Calculation
Gross area, Ag = 180 x 10 = 1800 mm 2
Net cross sectional area, An
Three failure paths can be considerded.
Case 1: area to be deducted
deduction 2 18 10 360mm 2
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Case 1
80 mm
1
55 mm 80 mm
2
55mm
4
40 mm
50 mm
40 mm
Case 1 failure section
Note that this section is similar to one drawn through 1,2,4, and 5
since in all these cases deduction
is the
same
Design of steel
structures
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Case 2
s
d
s 2t
areadeducted 3 d t
4g
'
s2
t
areadeducted 3 d
4
Areadeducted effectivewidth t
552 10
areadeducted 3 18 10
540 189 351mm 2
4 40
Note here that there are many failure paths similar to this as shown in next figure
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Case 2
Case 2
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Case 3:
2 552 10 1 552 10
areadeducted 4 18 10
190.62mm 2
4 40
4 50
S is same for all slant failure lines.
G is 40 for outer lines and 50 for inner line.
Case one is the most severe. Since highest deuction occurs for this
Case one 360 mm2; case two 351 mm2 and case 3 190.62 mm2
NET AREA = GROSS AREA DEDUCTION
= 180 X 10 360 =1440 MM2.
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Ag = 180x10 = 1800 mm2
An =1440mm2
Design of steel structures
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