NUMBER SYSTEM

Chapter 2
DCT1043

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Content
 2.1 Real Numbers

 2.2 Indices

 2.3 Logarithm

 2.4 Complex Number

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 2.1 Real Numbers
 At the end of this topic you should be able to

 Define natural numbers, whole numbers, integers, prime

numbers, rational numbers and irrational numbers
 Represent rational and irrational numbers in decimal
form
 Represent the relationship of number sets in real
number system diagrammatically
 State clearly the properties of real numbers such as
closure, commutative, associative, distributive, identity
and inverse under addition and multiplication
 Represent the open, closed and half-open intervals in
number line

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 The Set of Real Numbers R
Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers
Q a  b
a and b are integers, b  0  H  Q   x x  Q
Nonterminating &
nonrepeating
decimal number
Integers Fractions
I  Z    , 2, 1, 0,1, 2, Proper,
Terminating or repeating
Improper, Mixed decimal numbers
Number
Whole Numbers
W   0,1, 2,3, 4,5, Negative Integers Prime number
Z    , 2, 1

 x x  Z , x  1 and


P 
 x can be divide 1 and its number only 

Zero Natural/Counting Numbers/ positive integers Composite number

0 N   1, 2,3, 4,5, or Z    1, 2,3, 4,5,  x xZ 
and x  P
Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2
Number System
Relationship among various sets of number
Real Numbers R

Rational Numbers Q
Irrational
Irrational
Integers Z numbers
Numbers
Whole numbers W H
Natural
Numbers N

N W  Z  Q  R
Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2
Number System
Representing Real Numbers as Decimal

 Every real number can be written as decimal

 Repeating or terminating

 Repeating (rational numbers)

 0.6666666… 0.6  , 0.33333… 0.3 

 Terminating (rational numbers)

 ½=0.5

 Neither Terminate nor Repeat (irrational numbers)

 2  1.41421... ,   3.14159...

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Exercise
 Given a set of numbers
 1 2 
 10, 7, ,  , 0,5, 6.125125, 0.3, 9 
 5 
 List the numbers in the set that are
 Natural numbers
 Whole numbers
 Integers
 Rational numbers
 Irrational Numbers
 Real numbers

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
Representing Real Numbers as Number Line

Negative Positive
direction direction

x
0
Origin

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Exercise
 Graph the elements of each set on a number line

 1 2 
  10, 7, ,  , 0,5, 6.125125, 0.3, 9 
 5 

 3 7 
  8,5, 2 ,1.75,  2, 0.6,  , , 64 
 5 2 

 4 
   9,  0, 0.025, 3,9.2, 100 
 5 

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
Properties of the Real Number System
Rules of Operations
Under Addition
1. a  b  b  a Commutative law of addition
2. a   b  c   a  b  c Associative law of addition
3. a0  0a Identity law of addition
4. a    a  =0 Inverse Law of addition
Under Multiplication
1. ab  ba Commutative law of multiplication
2. a  bc    ab  c Associative law of multiplication
3. a 1  1a Identity law of multiplication
1
4. a   =1 Inverse Law of multiplication
a
Under Addition and Multiplication
1. a  b  c   ab  bc Distributive law for multiplication
w.r.t
Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 addition
Chapter 2
Number System
 Properties of Negatives

1.   a   a
2.   a  b    ab   a  b 
3.  a   b   ab
4.  1 a  a

Properties Involving Zero

1. a 0  0
2. If ab  0 then a  0, b  0 or both

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Properties of Quotients

a c
1.  if ad  bc  b, d  0 
b d
ca a
2.   b, c  0 
cb b
a a a
3.    b  0
b b b
a c ac
4.    b, d  0 
b d bd
a c a d ad
5.      b, c, d  0 
b d b c bc
a c ad  bc
6.    b, d  0 
b d bd
a c ad  bc
7.    b, d  0 
b d bd
Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2
Number System
 Exercise
 Simplify the following algebraic expression

20 x  3x 4 x  9 y  2 x  12 y

3 y   10 z    10 y   16 z 5  2 y  9    9 y  8

4  10  8 x   4  3 x  5  5  3  2  x  1  7 

7  4 x  3 y   2  5x  y  7  2 p 2  1   p 2  3

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Open & Closed Interval

Open Half Interval

Open Interval
 x a  x  b or  a, b
 x a  x  b or  a, b 
 x a  x  b or  a, b 
 x x  a or  , a 
Closed Interval
 x x  a or  , a 
 x a  x  b or  a, b 
 x x  a or  a,  
 x x  a or  a,  

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Exercise
Write the suitable interval for the following
number line

a.
-8 9

b.
-8 9

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Exercise
Illustrate the following interval by using suitable number line

a.  2,7    5,9 
b.  5,     9,  
c.  , 1   3,  
d .  4,     2,  
e.  , 1   4,5
f .  4,10    4,  
g .  3,8   8,13

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Exercise
 Given
A   x |1  x  7, x  Z  , B   x | 7  2 x  7, x  Z 
C   x |1  x  5, x  R , D   x | 1  x  3, x  R

 Simplify
a. A  B
b. B  C
c. C  D
d.  C  D   B

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 2.2 Indices (Exponents)
 At the end of this topic you should be able
to

 Define indices
 State the rule of indices

 Explain the meaning of a surd and its conjugate

and carry out algebraic operation on surd

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Exponential Notation

When a is real number and n is a natural number, then

an  a
 a
 a
n factor

where
a is called base
n is called power / index / exponent

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Rules of Exponents
Basic Rule
For a  0 and positive integer p and q,
1. a0  1 , a0 zero eksponents rule
1
2. a p  negative eksponents rule
ap
1
p
3. a p
 a fraction eksponents rule
q

 
q
p
4. a p
 a fraction eksponents rule
Rule for Same Base
5. a m  a n  a mn product rule for eksponents
am
6. n
 a mn quotient rule for eksponents
a
 am 
n
7.  a mn power rule for eksponents
Rule for Same Index ( power )
a n  b n   ab 
n
5. product rule for eksponents
n
an a
6.    quotient rule for eksponents
bn b Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2
Number System
 Exercise
 Without using a calculator, evaluate the
following
2 1 1

2  27  3 9 8
2 2
a. 5 c.   e.
 8  1
2 2

3
b.  121
3

2
1 2
1 1
d.   
9 f .  32  2 2 2

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Exercise
 Simplify 4
 3x y  2 3
d.  5 
a. 2n 16n  43n  27 xy 

1
 xy 
3
 1 3 5 2
b.  x  e.
 16  2
x y 4

2
1 
c.  2 x 4 y 1   xy 3  x y
4  f . 2
x  y 2

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Exercise
 If y  3x

4 x x 1
 Express 3 and 9

in term of y

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Radicals

1
If n  then
2
1
a  a
2

read 'the square root of a' where

a is any real numbers (rational or irrational)
is called the radical sign
a is called radicand

Principle of Square Root

a  b  ab products rule for radicals

a a
 quotients rule for radicals
b b

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Surds

the square root of a, a

where the roots cannot be evaluated exactly
There are irritional numbers as they cannot be expressed as fractions
a
of the form where a and b are integers
b

Operation on Surds

Multiplication, a b  ab
a
Division, a b
b
Addition, b a  c a   b  c a
Subtraction, b a  c a   b  c a

 
2
Product, a b  a  b  2 ab
Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2
Number System
 Exercise
 Simplify the following

a. 128 d . 2 13  3 5  500 3 7
g.
5 63

b. 3 5  4 10 e. 5  5 3 2  h. 50  18  3 2

3 5
    
2
c.  f. 5 3 2 3 5  2 i. 2 1
2 27

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Conjugate Surds

a h b k and a h b k

 it can be used to rationalise the denominator

Rationalized Surds

a a b a b
i)   
b b b b

1 1 a b a b
ii )   
a b a b a b a b

1 1 a b a b
iii )   
a  SitibZanariah Satari
a DCT1043
b Chaptera2  b ab
Number System
 Exercise
 Simplify the following by rationalizing the
denominators
3 1 1
a. d. g.
 
2
11 2 5 2 1

5 1 3 2
b. e. h. 
3 2 3 5 3 1 2 2 1

2 3 5 3 5 2
c. f. i. 
3 3 5 2 3 3 1

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Surds Rules

For a, b  R, m, n  Z 
i) n
an  a

ii ) n
ab  n
an b

n
a a
iii ) n 
b n
b

iv) m n
a  mn a

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Exercise
 Write the following in term of surds
3 2 1 1
i. a 5
ii.  4 xy  3 5
iii. x  y3 3

 Write the following in term of index

 3m n 
4 3 4 2
5
i. x ii. 5 a iii. 9

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Exercise
 Simplify

3 2 4

x y 

3 2 3
i. x y
5 3

1 1

4 a a
2 4
 2 1
 3 iii. 1
 a b   2a
2 7 3 2
 
ii.    2 a 2
 c   bc 

 

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 2.3 Logarithm
 At the end of this topic you should be able to

 State and use the law of algorithm

 Change the base of logarithm

 Understand the meaning of ln M and log M

 Solve equations involving logarithm

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 What is Logarithm
 Logarithm is the power

 WHY?

For any positive number a, except 1,

y  ax  log a y  x

Index form Logarithm form

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Exercise
 Convert the following to logarithmic form
1
11
i. 2
4 =16 ii. 2  iii. 2  22
iv. 5x  100
2

 Convert the following to index form

1
i. log 2 32  5 ii. log 3  4
81
3
iii. log10 100  2 iv. log 8 16 
4

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Exercise
 Without using a calculator, evaluate the
following
1
i. log 2 8 ii. log 9 iii. log w 1
81

1
iv. log 4 64 v. log 5 vi. log10 1000
625

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Common & Natural Algorithms
 Common Logarithms - Logarithms to base 10

y  10 x  log10 y  x

 Natural Logarithms - Logarithms to base e e  2.718828...

y  ex  ln y  x

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Exercise
 Solve the following equations

 1.6 
x2 x
i. 6  21 ii. 5 9
x
iii.  21

iv. e3 x  9 v. ex  7 vi. e 4 x  125  0

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Laws of Logarithms

If a, b, c, M , N  R  and p  R, then

1. log a a  1 , a 1

2. log a 1  0 , a 1

log c b
3. log a b  , a  1, c  1 change of base law
log c a

1
4. log a b  , a  1, b  1 change of base law
log b a

5. log a MN  log a M  log a N , a 1 product law

M 
6. log a    log a M  log a N , a 1 quotient law
 N 
7. log a M p  p log a M , a 1 power law

8. log a M  log a N  M N logarithm equation

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2
Number System
 Exercise
 Simplify

x2 y x2 y
i. log xy 3 ii. log iii. log 3
z z

1 2 3 a  a  b
iv. log v. log a x y vi. log a
xy a2

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Exercise
 Without using a calculator, evaluate the following

 10   81   25 
i. 7 log    3log    2 log   ii. 3log 4 4  3log10  2 log10
9  80   24 

 31   31  1
iii. log  70   log    log    3log 5 iv. log 2 9  log 2 7  log 2 3
 35   4 2

v. log 2 40  log 2 0.1  log 2 0.25 vi. 3log a x  2 log a 1  log a y 3  3

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Exercise
 Evaluate the following by using the change of base
law
log 5 4 log 2 10
i. log 3 41 ii. log 7 5 log 5 9log 9 iii.
log 25 10

 Given that loga2 = 0.301

3
and log
loga23a = 0.477, find
a
i. log a ii.
4 log a 3

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 2.4 Complex Number
 At the end of this topic you should be able to
 Define complex number
 Represent a complex number in Cartesian form
 Define the equality of two complex number
 Define the conjugate of a complex number
 Perform algebraic operations on complex number
 Find the square root of complex number
 Represent the addition and subtraction of complex
number using the Argand diagram
 Find the modulus and argument of a complex number
 Express a complex number in polar form
Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2
Number System
 What is Complex Number
 A number that can be expressed in the form a + bi where
a and b are real numbers and i is the imaginary unit.
 Imaginary unit is the number represented by i, where
i  1 and i 2  1

 Imaginary number is a number that can be expressed in

the form bi, where a and b are real numbers and i is the
imaginary unit.
 When written in the form a + bi , a complex number is
said to be in Standard Form.

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 The Set of Complex Numbers
Complex Numbers C
Real Numbers R

Rational Numbers Q

Integers Z Imaginary
Numbers i
Whole numbers W R
Irrational
Natural Numbers
Numbers N H

C   z : z  a  ib a, b  R
In Cartesian Form;
a  Re  z   the real parts of C while b  Im  z   the imaginary parts of C
Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2
Number System
 Exercise
 Write the following in complex number form
( a +bi )

i. 9 ii. 3  4

iii. 4  12 iv. 9  7

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
Operations on Complex Numbers
For z   a  bi  and z   c  di  , then ;
1 2

 Adding complex numbers

z1  z2   a  bi    c  di    a  c    b  d  i

 Subtracting complex numbers

z1  z2   a  bi    c  di    a  c    b  d  i
 Multiplying complex numbers
z1  z2   a  bi   c  di    ac  bd    ad  bc  i
 Dividing complex numbers
 a  bi   c  di   ac  bd    bc  ad  i 
z1  z2   a  bi    c  di    
 c  di   c  di 
Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2
c2  d 2
Number System
 Exercise
 Given z = 2 + i and w = – 3 + 2i. Find

 z+w
 z–w
 z .w
 z/w

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Same Complex Numbers

 2 complex numbers z = a + bi and z = c + di are same if a = c and b = d.

1 2

 Example:
 Given z = 2 + (3y+1)i and z = 2x + 7i
1 2

with z = z . Find the value of x and y.

1 2

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Conjugate Complex

 A complex conjugate of a complex number

z = a + bi is z* = a – bi
 If z and z are complex numbers, then
1 2

 z1  z2   z1*  z2*
*
1.
 z1  z2   z1*  z2*
*
2.

3. z 
1
* *
 z1
*
1 1
4. *
 
z1  z1 

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Exercise
 Given z = 2 + i and w = – 3 + 2i. Find

 z* + w
 z – w*
 z* .w*
 (z *)* / w*

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Exercise
 Given z = 2 + 3i , Find


z  3z  5
2

2
z
 the value of a and b if
*
 a  ib
z

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Exercise
1. Given (3 + i) (a + 2i) = 2i.
Find the value of a and b

Given 2i
2. z
1 i
Find z*.
Then find z*.z

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Argand Diagram
 Represents any complex number z = a + ib in terms
of its Cartesian coordinate point P (a, b) or its polar
coordinate r
P (a, b) P (a, b)
b b
Imaginary
Imaginary r = |z|
number line
number line z


a a
Real number line Real number line

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Exercise
 Illustrate each of the following by using
Argand diagram

 z 1 =2+i
 z 2 = 3i
 z 3 =–2–i
 z 4 = – 3i

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
 Modulus and Argument
 Modulus
For complex number z  a  ib, the modulus given by
r  z  a 2  b 2 , z always positive
 Argument
For complex number z  a  ib, the argument given by
b
  tan  
1

a

 In polar form,
z  r  cos   i sin  
Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2
Number System
 Exercise
 Find the modulus and argument for

 z1  1  i
 z2  5  12i

z3  2  i
1  5i
 z4 
1 1
Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2
Number System
 Exercise
 Given z = 3 + 4i and z = 2 – 3i
1 2

 Determine | z z | 1 2

 argument z z 1 2

 Express z z in polar form

1 2

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System
THANK YOU

Siti Zanariah Satari DCT1043 Chapter 2

Number System