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Endocrine System: Harliansyah Dept Biochemistry University of YARSI

The document discusses the endocrine system and hormones. It provides information on: 1. Hormones are chemical substances that promote homeostasis by regulating processes like digestion and reproduction through cell-cell communication. 2. The endocrine system forms an important communication system that regulates, integrates, and coordinates physiological processes through hormones secreted into the bloodstream. 3. There are four main classes of hormones: peptides/proteins, steroids, amines, and eicosanoids. Hormones act through receptors and can stimulate or inhibit target tissues.

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47 views26 pages

Endocrine System: Harliansyah Dept Biochemistry University of YARSI

The document discusses the endocrine system and hormones. It provides information on: 1. Hormones are chemical substances that promote homeostasis by regulating processes like digestion and reproduction through cell-cell communication. 2. The endocrine system forms an important communication system that regulates, integrates, and coordinates physiological processes through hormones secreted into the bloodstream. 3. There are four main classes of hormones: peptides/proteins, steroids, amines, and eicosanoids. Hormones act through receptors and can stimulate or inhibit target tissues.

Uploaded by

Jason Carter
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Endocrine System

Harliansyah
Dept Biochemistry
University of YARSI

Hormones are chemical substances, involved in cell to cell communication,


that promote the maintenance of homeostasis.
Hormones are blood borne substances involved in regulating a variety of
processes.
The word hormone is derived from the Greek hormaein which means to excite
or to stir up.
The endocrinology is the branch of physiology concerned with the description
and characterization of processes involved in the regulation and integration of
cells and organ systems.
The Endocrine System forms an important communication system that serves to
Regulate, Integrate and Coordinate a variety of different physiological processes
The process that hormones regulate fall into four areas:
1. The digestion, utilization and storage of nutrient
2. Growth and development
3. Ion and water balance
4. Reproductive function

General Characteristics
Glands that secrete chemical
signals (hormones) into
circulatory system
Hormone characteristics
Produced in small
quantities
Secreted into intercellular
space
Transported some
distance in circulatory
system
Acts on target tissues
elsewhere in body
Regulate activities of body
structures
Ligands: more general term
for chemical signals

4 Classes of Hormones
1.
2.
3.
4.

Peptide/ Protein
Steroid
Amine
Eicosanoid

Protein/Peptide Hormones

Hydrophilic
Large
Can't fit through membrane
Second messenger mechanism of action
Most hormones
Example: Insulin

Steroid Hormones

Small
Hydrophobic/Lipophilic
Travel in blood w/carrier
Cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors
change protein synthesis
Example: estradiol

Amine

Synthesized from a single


amino acid
Melatonin from tryptophan
Thyroid hormone from tyrosine
Catecholamines (EPI, DA) from
tyrosine

Eicosanoid

Produced from 20-carbon fatty


acid, arachadonic acid
Produced in all cells except
RBCs
2nd messenger
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes
inflammation

Hormone + Receptor

Steroid
Hormone
Mechanism

Regulation of
Activities:
Comparison of
Endocrine and
Nervous
Systems

Endocrine: amplitude modulated


signals.
Amount of hormone determines
strength of signal
Onset within minutes of secretion of
hormone
Nervous: frequency-modulated
signals.
Frequency of action potentials
produced by neurons determines
strength of signal.
Onset within milliseconds
Two systems actually inseparable
Nervous system secretes
neurohormones into circulatory
system
Nervous system uses
neurotransmitters and
neuromodulators as ligands
Some parts of endocrine system
innervated directly by nervous system

Intercellular Chemical
Signals

Hormones: type of intercellular signal. Produced by cells of


endocrine glands, enter circulatory system, and affect
distant cells; e.g., estrogen
Autocrine: released by cells and have a local effect on
same cell type from which chemical signals released; e.g.,
prostaglandin
Paracrine: released by cells and affect other cell types
locally without being transported in blood; e.g., somatostatin
Pheromones: secreted into environment and modify
behavior and physiology; e.g., sex pheromones
Neurohormone: produced by neurons and function like
hormones; e.g., oxytocin
Neurotransmitter or neuromodulator: produced by
neurons and secreted into extracellular spaces by
presynaptic nerve terminals; travels short distances;
influences postsynaptic cells; e.g., acetylcholine .

Hypothalamus
GRH

TRH

CRH

Dopamine

PRF, PIF

GnRH

Anterior pituitary
GH

Liver

TSH

Thyroid

ACTH LPH -Endorphin MSH

PRL

FSH

LH

Ovary
Ovary
Mammary gland
Testis
Testis

Adrenal cortex

Skin darkening
-Endorphin
Corticosteroids
Hyperglycemic
effects
Thyroid hormones
Growth of bone, body
tissues; carbohydrate
and protein
metabolism;
production of IGFs

Analgesia

Ovulation,
corpus luteum,
progesterone

Cell
development,
lactation
Development of
follicles, estradiol

Interstitial cell
development,
testosterone

Growth of seminal
tubules and
spermatogenesis

GH-Growth hormone, TSH-Thyrotropin, ACTH-Adrenocorticotropic hormone, LPH-Lipotropin,


MSH-Melanocyte stimulating hormone, PRL-Prolactin, FSH-Follicle stimulating hormone, LH-Luteinizing hormone

Environmental stress

CRH-ACTH-Cortisol

CNS

A single stressor (change in


temperature, noise, trauma)

Electrical-chemical signal

Limbic system
Electrical-chemical signal

Hypothalamus
Portal system
The corticotrophic
cells

Corticotropin releasing hormone


(CRH) in ng, t1/2 minutes

Anterior pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
in g, increased t1/2

Adrenal gland
Cortisol in mg, t1/2 hours

The glucocorticoid receptors in


different cells

Systemic effects

Environmental or
internal signal

Hormonal cascade
Signal amplification

CNS

Electrical-chemical signal

Limbic system
Electrical-chemical signal

Hypothalamus
Releasing hormones (ng)

Anterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary hormone (g)

Target gland

The gonads, the thyroid gland,


the adrenal cortex

Ultimate hormone (mg)

Systemic effects

CNS

Hormonal cascade
Negative feedback system

Limbic system

Hypothalamus
Long feedback
loop

Releasing hormones

Anterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary
hormones

Target gland
Ultimate hormone

Systemic effects

Short feedback
loop

Control Pathways and


Feedback Loops
Pathway

There are
three types
of hormonal
control
pathways

Example
Low blood
glucose

Stimulus

Receptor
protein

Pancreas
secretes
glucagon ( )

Endocrine
cell
Blood
vessel

Target
effectors

Response

Pathway
Stimulus

Example

Example

Pathway

Suckling

Hypothalamic
neurohormone
released in
response to
Sensory
neural and
neuron
hormonal
signals
Hypothalamus

Sensory
neuron
Hypothalamus/
posterior pituitary

Neurosecretory
cell
Posterior pituitary
secretes oxytocin
Blood ( )
vessel

Stimulus

Neurosecretory
cell
Hypothalamus
secretes prolactinBlood
releasing
vessel
hormone ( )

Liver

Glycogen
breakdown,
glucose release
into blood

(a) Simple endocrine pathway

Target
effectors

Response

Smooth muscle
in breast

Milk release

Anterior
pituitary
secretes
Endocrine prolactin ( )
cell
Blood
vessel

(b) Simple neurohormone pathway


Target
effectors

Response

Figure 45.2ac

Mammary glands

Milk production

(c) Simple neuroendocrine pathway

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