Congress of Vienna
Countries/People
Alliances created
Russia
Prussia
Austria Metternich
Great Britain
France
Holy Alliance: Russia,
Prussia, Austria (feared the
Goals
Legacy
1.
2.
3.
(Metternich)
Prevent future French
aggression
Restore Balance of power
Restore Royal Families
spread of Revolutions)
Concert of Europe: Help
each other if revolution occurred
Power shift to G.B. and Prussia
Nationalism spread: Italy &
Germany
Democracy
The Conservative Order and
the Challenged of Reform
1815-1832
Age of isms: nationalism, liberalism, republicanism,
socialism, communism
The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism
TODAY:
The Political
Spectrum
1790s:
Montagnards
The Plain
(swing votes)
Girondists
(The Mountain)
Monarchen
(Royalists)
Jacobins
Emergence of Nationalism
What is nationalism?
Nation composed of people who are joined
together
Common customs, culture, history
Should have the same government
Political and ethnic boundaries should be the same
Nationalism opposes Congress of Vienna
What provides political unity?
Nationalism ethnicity
Vienna Settlement monarchies/dynasties
Popular sovereignty
People determined national character
What about minority groups?
Majority rules?
Fate of Nationalism
People had no say over territorial changes
Language, nationality, and religion werent
taken into consideration
Ideas of democracy and self-government
were rejected by European leadership
Soon enough, concessions were made
Creating new Nations
Language impacts the spread of nationalism
Local dialects replaced
Part of a nation
Spread social and political advancement
Nationhood
Definition: economic and administrative
efficiency
Unite Germany and Italy
Could every groups become a nation?
NO!
Needed economic stability and power
Results of the Congress of
Vienna
Concert of Europe group of leading
nations which periodically met to discuss
issues regarding stability
Temporary suppression of democratic and
nationalistic ideals
International peace no general (multinational) war in Europe until World War I a
hundred years later
Small Conflicts
Crimean War (1854-1856)
Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Nationalistic Pressure around Europe
England rule Ireland
Irish Problem
Unite all German-speaking people
Pitting Prussia against Austria
Unite Italian-speaking people
Isolate Austrian control
Poland
against Russian ruler
Eastern Europe
against Austrian empire
Southeastern Europe
against Ottoman and Russian control
Early 19th Century Political
Liberalism
19th century definition:
Liberalism challenge political, social or
religious values
Considered more radical than they actually were
Who were the liberals?
Wealthy and educated professionals
Relationship between Nationalism &
Liberalism
Not identical, but could be compatible
Political Goals
Goal: limit the power of arbitrary govt
Locke Theory responsible constitutional
govt
But
Contempt for aristocracy and the lower classes with no
property
Representation to those with property
Economic Goals
Liberals wanted to be divided from lower
class
No govt regulation of economics
No mercantilism
No govt restrictions on labor and goods
Differed around Europe
Conservative Governments
Conservative Outlooks
Conservative power remains
People
Legitimate monarchies
Feared revolution and execution (like Louis)
Aristocracy
Feared loss of land and influence
Established churches
Responsible for education and maintaining status quo
Only supported representative govt if they wrote the
constitution
FEARED
Liberalism, nationalism and popular sovereignty
Conservative governments faced
new PRESSURE
Unemployment
No military industries
Raise new political ideas
Not focused on war
Especially the young
Key European people
Metternich: devoted to Habsburg emperor
Castlereagh: British
Conservative Response to
Liberalism and Nationalism
Austria
People:
Response:
Prussia
People:
Response:
G.B.
People:
Response:
France
People:
Response:
Using your notes
Complete Table
Work on Thesis #2
Political Discontent
Russia (1825) Suppression
France (1830) Revolution
Belgium Independence
Britain (1832) Accommodation
Russia: Decembrist Revolt of 1825
The Decembrist Revolt, 1825
Tsar Alexander I
Against liberalism & nationalism
Military Unrest
Military coup detat in 1826
Southern Society: representative govt, end serfdom, Polish
independence
Northern Society: constitutional monarchy, end serfdom,
protect aristocracy
Dynastic Crisis
1st Crisis: Constantine or Nicholas
2nd Crisis: Decembrist revolt
Moscow regiment refused to swear allegiance
Nicholas I
Most reactionary: turned against all reform
Official Nationality
Orthodoxy, Autocracy and Nationalism
Russian language, customs and religion were
wisdom
Revolt in Poland
Poland proclaimed independence from Russia
Nicholas sent troops
Suppress all liberal and national movements with
force
Revolution of France 1830
Charles X
Believer in Divine Right
Reactionary Policies
Emphasis on returning aristocracy and
Catholicism
Liberal reaction through voting
FAILED
Charles replaced ministry with ultra-royalists
Prince de Polignac
Liberal negotiated with liberal side of royal family for
constitutional monarchy
Feared Rpublic
July Revolution, 1830
Liberals win majority
Royalists attempt to seize power
Four Ordinances: dissolved Chamber of Deputies
People of Paris react (alliance between
laborers and middle class) 1830
Charles X sends troops
1,800 die and the king flees (Last Bourbon King)
Louis Philippe becomes King
Push for Constitutional Monarchy
Louis Philippe
King of the French
Tri-color flag
No official religion or censorship
Little/no sympathy for working class
Worker revolts continued
Continued control of Algeria and Northern
Africa
France was an Empire
Belgium
Nationalism leads to Independence
Congress of Vienna merged Holland and
Belgium
Different languages, economy and religion
Independence in 1830
Pre-curser to World War I
Germany will invade Belgium, leading to
English involvement in War
Great Britain
Political & Economic Reform
Spirit of Accommodation/Compromise
1. Large commercial and industrial class
Cannot ignore their interests without
damaging Englands prosperity
2. Moderate reforms supported (Whigs)
No need for revolution
3. British law, tradition and public opinions
showed respect for individual liberties
Events that led to the Great Reform
Bill
Britains response to popular uprising
Accommodation No revolution
Economic reform
Allow economic freedom
Support labor unions
Religious reform
Catholic Emancipation Act
Legislating Change
The Great Reform Bill
Catholic Emancipation Act
Goal To maintain peace in Ireland
1. First Step
Send Protestant representatives to
Parliament
Problem: Most Irish are Catholic
2. Second: Irish elect Catholics
(Daniel OConnel)
If England doesnt let them sit there
will be revolution
Liberal or Conservative
Catholic Emancipation
Liberal measure, Conservative
purpose
Maintain order in Ireland
But
Increased property
requirement to vote
The Great Reform Bill
Increased voters
kept land and gender requirement
Some workers LOST the right to vote
Results
No need for revolution
Orderly reform
Church, govt, commerce
Same government
More people influencing
1848 Revolutions
France
Habsburg Empire
Italy
Germany
Year of Revolutions
No single factor led to Revolutions
+ Food shortage
+ Economic depression (industry)
+ High unemployment
+ Wretched living conditions
= frustration
Liberal working class joined with political liberals
Dramatic change in ONE YEAR
NATIONALISM
What changes occurred?
Failed to establish genuine liberal and/or
national governments
Failed to combine political reform with social
reform
Liberals failed to unite all social classes
Liberals fell to the armies of the reactionary class
Exceptions to Revolution
Russia Why?
Inability to communicate
Polands revolts were spread-out and failed
Switzerland
Strong Army
Developed a Federalist state to minimize complete control
Great Britain Why?
Policy of accommodation
Great Reform Act of 1832
Pacify middle class
Catholic Emancipation Act
Suppression of Irish revolts
Repeal of Corn Laws
France
In the beginning
Economic depression
June Days of Violence
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected
Hope for stability and greatness FAIL
Ego!
End Result
Emperor Napoleon III
Monarchy republic monarchy republic
monarchy
Habsburg Empire
Nationalism Resisted!
Susceptible to Revolution
Borders broke up ethnicities
Serfdom
Rebellions spread
Vienna Uprising
Louis Kossuth: Magyar Nationalist + Students
Metternich & Ferdinand Fled
Major Result Abolished serfdom
March Laws: Ferdinand forced to sign
Equality of religion, jury trials, press
Nobility pay taxes
Election of lower chamber
Liberals vs. Nationals
Liberal political structure
No autonomy within borders
Magyar Revolt
Desire separate state for Hungarians
Austria vs. Hungary
Austria and Nationalists against Magyars
1890
Hungary
Czech Nationalism
National equality for Slavs
Who were Slavs? Poles, Ruthenians, Czechs,
Slovaks, Croats, Slovenes, Serbs
Goal: ONE Slavic state
Free from Ottoman and Habsburg control
Led to conflict between Germans and Slavs
Czech nationalism FAILED
The Age of Metternich
1.
Figure 1
1815
Type of Control
2.
Happily working together to control
Europe
Attitude of statesmen toward
power
Carefree
3.
Solved the problem of Napoleon
Created a new order that they control
dream
4.
Europe would follow their
dictates/demands/design
Title?
All is right with the world.
Figure 2
1820-1830
1. By 1830, how were leaders
divided?
No longer worked together to
maintain conservative
governments
2. What impact did the Old Order
possess?
Some still worked together to
suppress rebellion
3. New weaknesses?
Britain did not support
conservative regimes
Liberal regimes in France &
Belgium
4. Title?
We Need Help?
1.
Figure 3
1848
Why did the old order lose
control?
2.
Large # of revolutions
Earlier breakdown of unity
To what extent was a
completely new order
established?
3.
Mostly old-order was reestablished
Why did change take place in
this fashion?
4.
Conservatives used force, force
rejected them
Title?
1.
Its all over.
Italy
Austria faced Nationalism in Northern Italy
Nationalists & Liberals hoped for
unification
Turned to Pope Pius IX (liberal)
Radicals forced Republic Pope fled
Returned to war
France protects Rome
Why? Wanted weak nation to the south
Germany
Revolutions
Wanted unification & liberal government
Prussia
Frederick William IV moved towards
Unification
Liberal government reforms (constitution)
Suffrage
Three-class voting: based on ability to pay taxes
Frankfurt Parliament
Goal: write a constitution
Purpose: liberal unification of Germany
Alienated conservatives & working class
How do you unify?
Large or Small
Created a constitution
Asked Frederick William IV to RULE
He refused
Kings ruled by the grace of God, not by the will of man
CONSERVATIVE
Impact: small conservative, constitutional
changes in Germany
Prussia
Frankfurt
Austria
