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Module 1
Network Essentials (I) Basic Network Concept

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Module 1
Network Essentials (II)
Internet Protocol & Architecture

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INTRODUCTION

Background to the Development of

TCP/IP protocol.

Introduction to TCP/IP

Main Network Level Services

International Standards Organisation

Open System Interconnection (OSI)

Reference Model

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Background

Research project funded by DARPA

ARPA & ARPANET setup to link military

CPUs

Design published 1974

Implementations 1979 to 1983

Compulsory requirement from 1983

DARPA funded Berkeley UNIX

Standards published as RFCs

DOD Concepts

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Application

Processes are entities that communicate

Processes execute on hosts

Hosts are connected by networks.

Internet et
Virtual Network
Net 1

G2

Net 2

G1

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G3
Net 5

Net 3
G4

Net 4

G5

G=Internet Gateway

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DOD Architecture
Process

Process or Application

FTP, SMTP,
TELNET

Host-toHost

End-to-end exchange
between processes

TCP, UDP

Internet

Data exchange between

IP, ICMP
hosts regardless of network

Network
Access

Data exchange between

devices on same network

X.25, 802.3,
802.5

DOD vs. OSI

Application
Process

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Presentation
Host-to-Host

Session
Transport

Internet

Network
Data Link

Network
Access

Physical

DOD

OSI

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Module 2
TCP/IP Primer

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Overview

What is TCP/IP?

What is an IP Address ?

What is a Subnet ?

What is a Subnet Mask ?

What is IP Routing ?

What is DHCP ?
TCP/IP Naming Schemes
Dial-up Networking and RAS Overview

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What is TCP/IP ?

Industry-Standard Suite of Protocols

Routable Enterprise Networking Protocol

Technology for Connecting Dissimilar

Systems

Robust, Scaleable, Cross-Platform

Client/Server Framework

Method of Gaining Access to the Internet

What is an IP Address?
194

125

133.120.75.8

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129.102.12.7

131.120.0.0
131.107.0.0

129.102.16.2
131.107.3.27

Network ID and Host ID

32 Bits
Network ID

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Class B
W

Host ID

Example: 131.107.3.24

Address Classes
Class A
Network ID

Number of

Host ID

Class B
Network ID

Networks

Number of
Hosts per
Network

126

16,777,214

16,384

65,534

2,09,152

254

Host ID

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1 0

Class C
11 0

Network ID

Host ID

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Address Class Summary

Number of
Networks

Number of
Hosts per
Network

Range of
Network IDs
(first Octet)

Class A

126

16,777,214

1 - 126

Class B

16,384

65,534

128 - 191

Class C

2,09,152

254

192 - 223

Assigning Network IDs

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Router

124.x.y.z
124.x.y.z

Router

192.121.73.z
192.121.73.z

131.107.y.z
131.107.y.z

Host Addressing Guidelines

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Host ID must be unique within the Network

ID
Host ID cannot be 255 (All Bits Set to 1)
255 is a Broadcast address
Host ID cannot be 0 (All Bits Set to 0)
0 means This Network Only
Address Class

Beginning range

Ending range

Class A

w.0.0.1

w.255.255.254

Class B

w.x.0.1

w.x.255.254

Class C

w.x.y.1

w.x.y.254

Common Addressing Problems

Network IDs on the Local Network do not

match.

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Local hosts cannot communicate.

Host IDs on the Local Network are Duplicate.

Windows NT based hosts cannot

initialize.

Other TCP/IP based hosts may not be

able to communicate.

Other TCP/IP based hosts could hang.

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What is a Host Name?

An Alias used to reference a TCP/IP Host

Provides a simplified way to access a TCP/IP

Host

Used by Ping and other TCP/IP utilities

Host names are not used in Windows NT

Commands

Entries are stored in the HOSTS File or DNS

Viewed with the Host name utility

What is a Domain Name?

EDU
EDU

COM
COM

GOV
GOV

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WWWI
WWWI

Training
Training
MyComputer
MyComputer

Marketing
Marketing
Mycomputer.training.wwwi.com

What is Host Name Resolution

The Process of Mapping a Host name to an IP Address

Standard Host Name Resolution is done using:

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Local Host Name

HOSTS file

DNS

Microsoft-Specific Host Name resolution is done using:

WINS

Local Broadcast

LMHOSTS file

The Methods that can be used are Configurable

Resolving Names with a HOSTS File

Ping
PingHostB
HostB
Router

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HostB = 131.107.7.29

ts
s
Ho le
Fi

Name
Resolution

Hostname = Host A
IP Address = 131.107.3.24

ARP
ARP
IP Address
Resolved

Hostname = Host B
IP Address = 131.107.7.29

Resolving name with a Domain

name Server (DNS)
Ping
PingHostB.training.wwwi.com
HostB.training.wwwi.com
Router

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Domain Name
Server

ARP
ARP
Name
Resolution

IP Address
Resolved

Domain Name =
HostB.training.wwwi.com

DNS Overview
Local Name Server
.
.
Name
NameServer
Server

DNS

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DNS

.com
.com
Name
NameServer
Server

DNS
Universal.com
Universal.com
Name
NameServer
Server

DNS

Resolver

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Module 3
Intranet, Extranet and
Internet Security

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OVERVIEW

Introduction to Intranets

Intranet Planning Process

Intranet Applications

Intranet Advantage

Introduction to Extranets

Models of Extranets Infrastructure

Intranet, Extranet and Internet Security

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Intranets

Application of Internet technologies to internal

business applications

It is a means of sharing information within an

organisation

Intranets are local to the organisation

Network Protocol used in Intranets - TCP/IP

Remote
User

Access Intranet
Information

Proxy
Intranet
server

Dept Y

Internet

Dept Z

Intranet Requirement

Hardware

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Server with at least of 64MB RAM with Windows NT or

UNIX installed

Software

Web Server Software

Proxy Server Software

Mail Server Software

Network Connection

Network Protocol - TCP/IP

Hardware - Routers/Gateways, Modems

Communication Media - Leased Lines, Satlinks or

Telephone line

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Extranet

Extranet are primarily networks that are set-up to

enable anyone outside an organisation to access
internal data

An extension of intranets but with added security

Provides distinct business advantages e.g. lower cost,

speed of transactions and etc

Increase use of extranet in business to provide higher

value services

Encryption

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Forms of Encryption

Secret key

Public key

Secure Socket Layer (SSL)

Firewalls
Firewalls
Internal
Network

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Internet

Router

Gateway
Computer

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Overview

Basic Network Concepts

Network Types

Network Components

Network Protocols

Network Architecture

High Speed Connections

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Basic Network Concepts

Network is an Interconnection of two or more

computers for the purpose of sharing information
and resources.

Basic Terminology used:

LAN

Administrator

WAN

Network bandwidth

Node

Network load

Host

Network overhead

Terminal

Network lag and

Workstation

Interoperability

Types of Networks
Workstation

Workstation

Peer to Peer Networks

Printer

Workstation
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Workstation

Workstation

Workstation

Client/Server Networks
Server

Printer

Workstation

Network Components

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Server: Manages applications, data and resources

Centralized/Dedicated

High performance, fast and efficient computers

Clients/Workstations: Lets users access servers
information and resources

Monochrome diskless workstation to multimedia

enhanced, complete desktop systems
Communication Media:

Network Interface Cards

Network Medium
Modems
Hubs
Bridges, Routers and Gateways

What is a Protocol

A set of rules

Define the procedures, conventions and methods

used to transmit data

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The Internet protocol basically:

Takes a stream of data.

Breaks it into packets.

Transmits them over the network.

Reassembles the packets (at the receiving

side).

Sends the data stream to the user.

Architecture
A set of standards that define how to send signals
over the network and how to regulate the resulting
traffic

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ISO developed the Open Systems Interconnection

Reference Model

OSI-RM uses Seven Layers

Application
Presentation
Session

Upper layers

Transport
Network
Datalink
Physical
Network Bus

Lower layers

High Speed Internet Connection

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Connection Type

Speed

Relative Imaginary Speed

Frame Relay

56 Kbps

2.5 Inches

ISDN

128 Kbps

6.25 Inches

Frame Relay (T-1)

1.544 Mbps

22.5 Inches

T-3

45 Mbps

10 feet

ATM (OC3c, OC12c)

155 Mbps

Small
Smalland
andMedium
Medium
Rivers
Rivers

622 Mbps

Integrated Services Digital Network

ISDN is an end-to-end digital network that handles

voice, text, images, sound and video over telephone
lines.

Multiple simultaneous connections over a single

ISDN line.

Two types of ISDN connections:

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BRI - Basic Rate Interface (2B+1D)

Two 64 Kbps Channels

One 16 Kbps Data signal Channel.

PRI - Primary Rate Interface(30B+1D)

Thirty 64 Kbps Channels.

One 16 Kbps Data Signal Channel.

ISDN (Continued)
ISDN provides the following features:

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ISDN permits data transmission upto 128 Kbps without

any compression and reaches upto 512 Kbps when
compressed.
ISDN is an on-demand service.
Connection is very quick.
ISDN offers 100% reliability.
CLIP (Caller Line Identification Presentation).
CUG (Closed User Groups).
AOC (Advice Of Charge).
Sufficient bandwidth to perform Video Conferencing.
Ethernet compatibility.
Router compatibility.

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T-1, T-3 and Beyond

T-1, Used by Internet users to describe a digital

connection capable of moving data at roughly 1.5 Mbps

Most ISPs are themselves connected to the Internet

with one or more T-1 circuits

T-3 is the fastest common circuit found on the Internet

today (Moves data at roughly 45 Mbps)

T-3 is equivalent to 30 T-1s

The Internet backbone is primarily a T-3

Beyond T-3 are the newest technologies such as:

Fast Ethernet- 100 Mbps
OC3c- 155 Mbps
OC12c- 622 Mbps

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Cable Modems

Cable Networks have very high bandwidths.

By simply adding potential channels dedicated to

Internet usage, or removing a few existing channels,
the cable provider will have more than enough room
for the digital information an Internet user would
want.

Technical hurdle - How to deliver high-speed

Internet access to the home when the capacity of
the individual cable company system far surpasses
that of the Internet backbone itself ?