Ing.

Cesare Zaniboni

AL PDH RADIO

1
AL

Training items
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

PDH AL(/AL+)
SCT
LCT
AL Troubleshooting: alarms and loops
Propagation: one easy example of hop
calculation

AL

1
PDH AL: hardware and circuitry

AL

IDU
Line Interface Module: Up to 16xE1, 3x10/100 BaseT + 4E1, 2xE3

Radio Interface Module 1 and 2 (Cable Interface + Power Supply)

Main Controller (Service channels, LCT connection, Alarms IN/OUT)

AL

IDU 2 units

GAI0054-02 IDU 2U 32x2 COAX 75 BNC 1+1 SD

RIM 1
FAIL

RIM 2
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16
RIM 1

FAIL

RIM 2
17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

Q3
LCT

RS232

USER IN/OUT

26

27

IDU ODU
R

28

29

30

31

32

TX RX
1

WAY
SIDE

2
REM TEST

CH1

AL

CH2

2Mb/s

1+1 ODU

ODU

Unprotected ODU

AL

ODU with separated antenna

antenna

1+0 pole mounting

waveguide
flange
AL

waveguide
flange

ODU with separated antenna

1+1 wall mounting

AL

= FHIGH
= FLOW

1+1 hot stand-by

1

ODU

= Stand-by
= Active
ODU

IDU

IDU

ODU

ODU

Both radios, working at the same frequency, are active in Rx but only
one is active in Tx:
1 antenna Branching losses are inserted in link budget
2 antennas Link is in space diversity (and without branching losses)
Best performance for d=150 (d=distance between antennas)
AL

1+1 frequency diversity

ODU

ODU

IDU

ODU
All radios, working at different frequencies, are active in Rx and Tx
1 antenna Branching losses are inserted in link budget
2 antennas Link is in space diversity (and without branching losses)
= F2HIGH
= F2LOW
AL

10

BTS

2+0 with Ring Protection

BTS
BTS
BTS

A single IDU manages two Radio Links

Radio Links can have different capacities
E1 streams can be routed:
to West side (unprotected connection)
to East side (unprotected connection)
to both directions (protected connection)
East
West with no external wiring

ODU-W
Branch W

BSC

E1s
E1s
E1s
E1s

towards West
towards Est
in transit
in Ring Protection

ODU-E
Branch E

2+0 Fully-Protected IDU

Switch Hitless
(Embedded Media Switch)

16xE1 Ports

AL

11

Software Keys
Following functionalities are enabled through a
software key:
Capacity changing
Modulation changing
Way side traffic
OSPF Option
Fade Margin Test Option

AL

12

AL : main facilities
Available

versions

Equipment
PRBS

structure

generator

ATPC
Equipment

characteristics

Installation

AL

13

AL : available version
New pdh AL is available in many versions
Configuration can be set via software :
Modulation: 4QAM, 16QAM, 32 QAM
Capacity:
2, 4, 8, 16, 32xE1
2xE3
3xLAN+4xE1
Configuration: 1+0, 1+1 h.s.by or eterofreq.
IDU is frequency, capacity and modulation independent
ODU depends by frequency only
AL

14

User interfaces
Modulation

User Interfaces

2xE1/4xE1/16xE1
E3
10/100BaseT + NxE1

- 32xE1
- 2xE3
- 10/100BaseT + NxE1
- 10/100BaseT + NxE1

Capacity
[Mbit/s]

4 QAM

16 QAM

32 QAM

4
8
16
34

68

105

AL

15

Equipment structure

AL

16

Controller

AL

17

LIM

AL

Tx direction

18

LIM

*FEC = Forward Error Corrector

Example:

Rx direction

Without BER=10-6
With BER=10-13

(+2.5 dB)

FEC *
(block code)

errors

AL

19

RIM

140 MHz

AL

20

ODU

AL

21

ATPC (Automatic Tx Power Control)

AL

22

AL characteristics (1)
Tx

power (4QAM/16QAM) in dBm :

4 GHz
+29 / +24
7 GHz
+27 / +22.5
15 GHz
+25 / +20
23 GHz
+20 / +15
Tx/Rx spacing in MHz:
4 GHz
100
7 GHz 168/196/245
15 GHz
490/728
23 GHz
1008
Power consumption in W:
1+0
< 30
1+1
< 55
AL

23

AL characteristics (2)
Rx

HBER thresholds (4QAM/16QAM) in dBm:

- in 16x2
4 GHz -85 / -81
7 GHz -84 / -80
15 GHz
-83.5 / -79.5
23 GHz -82 / -78
- in 4x2
4 GHz -91 / -87
7 GHz -90 / -85
15 GHz -89.5 / -85.5
23 GHz -88 / -84
Max Rx power - 20 dBm

AL

24

IDU Installation
Controller FAIL
alarm LED

75ohm E1 Connectors:
micro-coax type

LAN Connectors: RJ 45 type

Service channels
connectors :
RJ 45 type
Alarms LEDs :
IDU
ODU
REM
TEST

AL

IDU-ODU
cable connector :
TNC type
E1 way side
(in high capacity)

25

REF.

ODU installation (1)

AL

26

ODU installation (2)

AL

27

ODU installation (3)

AL

28

Interconnection cable
Frequency signals:
Tx IF
330 MHz
Rx IF
140 MHz
Telemetry IDUODU
17.5 MHz
Telemetry ODU IDU
5.2 MHz
Max length (1/4 inch cable)
4QAM
470 m
16QAM
370 m
AL

29

Switch modes

Auto
Preferential: operator can select which branch must be
operative without alarms.
Wait Time = time before coming back to the preferential
branch when alarms disappear. In this way the controller
doesnt switch continuously in case of fleeting alarms.
Reset = Wait Time is not respected
Full auto: both branches have same priority

Manual forcing
Operator can select which branch must be operative despite
alarms

AL

30

Tx switch criteria
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

Highest priority
RIM PSU alarm
Manual forcing
Cable short/ Cable open alarm
Modulator failure
ODU unit failure alarm
VCO failure alarm
IF unit alarm
ODU PSU alarm
Tx power low alarm
Rx failure on both remote radios
lowest priority
Revertive Tx
AL

31

Rx switch criteria
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Highest priority
RIM PSU alarm
Manual forcing
Cable short/open alarm
Base band unit failure alarm
Demodulator failure
ODU unit failure alarm
VCO failure alarm
IF unit alarm
ODU PSU alarm
High BER alarm (selectable: BER>10 -3,-4,-5)
Low BER alarm (selectable: BER >10 -6,-7,-8)
Early warning alarm (selectable: BER >10 -9,-10,-11,-12)
RF input low (selectable from -40dBm to -99dBm)
CRC pulse
Revertive Rx
lowest priority
32
AL

SCT : main subjects

Alarm

correlation
Alarm acknowledgement
Routing
OSPF configuration
Stored Routing Table
Station management
Command logger
Equipment features management
Configuration backup/restore
AL

33

Alarm correlation
Every alarm is reported with
Alarm beginning
Alarm end (gravity info is maintained)

AL

34

Alarm acknowledgement
Alarm acknowledge is available in
alarm history list: every
acknowledgement can
be managed completely
in station list: new alarm
info is highlighted by
an asterisk

AL

35

Port addresses
All SIAE equipments, regarding SCT software and supervision, are
routers: all interfaces need an address and relevant subnet mask

Addresses can be set clicking:

1. Set values
2. Store
3. Restart
Client (always)
AL

36

Routing
US ports and address definition with SCT
LCT PPP
IP address..........................
Net Mask............................
PPP Baud Rate..................

LCT PPP
IP address..........................
Net Mask............................
PPP Baud Rate..................

Default Gateway

PPP Radio
IP address..........................
Net Mask............................
PPP Mode: Client

PPP Radio
IP address..........................
Net Mask............................
PPP Mode: Client

IP Ethernet
IP address..........................
Net Mask............................

IP Ethernet
IP address..........................
Net Mask............................

LAN

Remote element table

Remote element table

AL

LAN

Default Gateway

37

Routing table
Type and address of
crossed port towards
Destination

Netmask and
IP address of
Destination
Type and address
of crossed port
Default destination

AL

38

The Agent is used in the

Network Element history to
identify the alarmed equipment
and in Subnetwork
Configuration Wizard to
visualize local and remote

Agent

Numeric identifier of the equipment

(agent is not a real address)

Agent:
local agent = local Ethernet IP address
remote agent = remote Radio IP address
or remote Ethernet IP address

AL

39

Stored Routing Table

The Stored Routing Table adds routing lines, after a
Restart, to the running Routing Table of the NE.
In this way we can change Ports addresses (operation that
needs a restart) without loosing a remote NE:
1. In Stored Routing Table add the routing lines
relevant to new port addresses you are going to set
2. Set the new port addresses (the equipment restarts)
3. After the restart the equipment has new addresses and
the routing table configured already: the NE
management is still running

AL

40

OSPF Management

SKIP
OSPF

OSPF window manages configuration parameters of the

selected equipment (router) relevant to the OSPF (Open
Shortest Path First) dynamic routing protocol:
- Properties: general configuration parameters of OSPF
protocol
- Areas/IFs: configuration parameters of equipment OSPF
interfaces and of the areas containing them
- Virtual Links: configuration parameters of virtual links
- Summ.: configuration parameters of route summarizations
- Lsa DB: configuration parameters of LSAs (Link State
Advertisements) in the Link State Database
- Ext Lsa DB: list of the External LSAs only
- Neighbors: list of neighbors
- V.Neighbors: configuration parameters of the virtual
neighbors
- Store: storage of new parameters into the controller flash
memory

AL

41

LAN IP address

Is the unit an ABR?

External LSA
inside database
LS Checksum of External LSA
New LSA: one more,
everytime router produces it
LSA received

AL

42

OSPF: example

AREA-1

IR

AREA-2

ABR

IR

IR
IR

IR

ASBR

EXTERNAL

IR :

Internal Router

ABR:

Area Border Router

AREA

ASBR: Autonomous System Border Router

AL

43

Areas, Routers and LSA

Area is a group of hosts and routers with IP interfaces on
same network. An Area is described by one database
only.
Stub Area: an area with internal routing only. Database
and the memory requirement of the routers of the stub
area are reduced. Routing from a stub area to outside
is based on a default route (a single output point)
Internal Router IR: a router with its area database only
(intra area)
Area Border Router ABR: a router connecting multiple
areas (inter area)
Autonomous System Border Router ASBR: a router
gateway between OSPF and other routing protocols

AL

44

Backbone

If multiple areas are involved, Backbone is the Area 0,

the area all the others are connected to.
AL

45

Virtual Link (VL)

In areas not phisically connected to backbone, a virtual link is
used to provide a logical path.
The virtual link is estabilished between two ABRs that have a
common area, with one ABR connected to backbone.

AL

46

Neighbours
Routers sharing a common segment are Neighbours if:
1.
their interfaces belong to same area and same subnet
2.
they exchange the same password on that segment
3.
they have same Hallo and Dead Interval
4.
they have same stub area flag in Hello packets
These rules affect neighbour election process.
LSA : Link State Advertisements describe router database
and must be send to all neighbours
DR : Designated Router as information exchange central
point to minimize information traffic on a segment
BDR: Backup Designated Router, in case DR goes down 47
AL

Adjacency
Each router on the segment establishes an adjacency with DR
and BDR that relay information to everybody.
DR and BDR election is done via Hello protocol: the router
with highest OSPF priority is DR, after BDR. In case of
parity, RID (router ID) is checked.
A zero priority router is called DROTHER
RTA and RTB have same priority
but RIDB>RIDA RTB=DR

RTC > RTB RTC=DR

AL

48

Shortest Path
In a router database all reachable segments and relevant cost are
listed:
segment next-hop cost + router next-hop cost
Any router interface has a cost inversely proportional to its
throughput:

Cost = 100.000.000/bitrate [bps]

Any router prepares a shortest path tree putting itself as root
and calculating smallest cost for each destination.
After this passage the router builds the routing table accordingly.
Any change in area composition (new router insertion) is
communicated to other routers causing dynamic readjustments of routing tables.
(OSPF allows also a TOS sensitive interface cost: depending on
packet Type Of Service, the router interface has different cost)

AL

49

Router A
C=0,65
155Mbit/s
Router B

38kbit/s

155Mbit/s

C=2600

C=0,65
Router C
155Mbit/s
C=0,65
Router D
AL

50

OSPF Link-State algorithm

1.
2.
3.

4.

Any router generates a LSA : the collection of all

link-states on that router
Routers share link-states via flooding: a link-state
update is received, stored and sent to other
As router database is completed, Shortest Path
Tree to all destinations is calculated (Dijkstra
algorithm). Destinations, associated cost and the
next hop to reach them forms IP Routing Table
Changes are communicated via link-state packets
and Shortest Path Tree is recalculated. If network
configuration does not change, OSPF traffic is
quiet.
AL

51

HELP:

inactive
active
to be
applied

AL

52

Stations and equipments

NEs connected to SCT can be assigned in various
stations using Subnetwork Configuration Wizard

AL

53

Link management
Prepare

new network
Send new configuration to local equipment
Log as System on both equipments
Retrieve the configuration of local equipment
Retrieve
Send

new configuration to both equipments

Send/Reset
AL

54

Command logger
Cmd Logger reads the list of operations, executed by the user,
stored on the controller of the equipment.
The log, uploaded from equipment, is stored on the PC for
further consultations. Following filters are available:
Operations date
User address
User type
Operation name

AL

55

EQUIPMENT FEATURE
MANAGEMENT AL

56

Configuration upload/download
Upload (from equipment)
From

Tool menu, open the proper Template

Select Upload operation and the equipment you want to
upload information from
Save them in a file (*.cfg)

Download (to equipment)

From

Tool menu, open the proper file (*.cfg)

Select Download operation and the equipment you want
to download information to
Uploaded parameters and *.cfg file are editable using
Equipment Configuration Wizard.
AL

57

Configuration Template
Configuration

template: it is relevant to equipment

radio parameters as frequency, attenuation, capacity,
thresholds,
Address

configuration template: it is relevant to

management parameters as port IP addresses, routing
tables, remote elements tables, OSPF.
Both configurations are necessary during first
installation or when Controller module is substituted
with a spare one: you can use a file to download or set
every parameter manually.
AL

58

Full backup
The whole amount of parameters (equipment
parameters, address parameters and remote element
table) can be uploaded from equipment, saved in a
file (*.bku), downloaded to equipment.
These parameters cannot be editated.

AL

59

3
LCT
for
AL

AL

60

Radio link parameters

Main parameters of the link are:
Configuration
Capacity
Modulation

For local
terminal

Setting has to
be copied in
remote terminal

Link ID
Frequency
Frequency
Capacity
Modulation
Link ID

For both
local and
remote
terminal
AL

61

Configuration

General
Bitrate

Modulation

Link ID (local only)

AL

62

Rx Power Low thresholds

HBer,LBer, EWL
thresholds

1) General preset:
thresholds
AL

63

2) General preset:
Rx switches
1+0
1+1

In case of no Rx

In case of Hber, Lber, EWL, first CRC correction

AL

64

If both remote radios dont receive,

on local side Tx switch is performed

3) General preset:
Tx switch
AL

65

Ethernet
switch*
MAC Address Table
size
Packet size

Setting of waiting time before Link

Loss Forwarding (010 sec.)

(512/1024/2048)

(1522/1536)

Life of info in
MAC Addr. table

Queue assignement
depending 802.1p:
depending on input
priority, the packet is
sent to the selected
queue of a port
(level 2)

Emptying algorithm
of queues:
8421 WFQ
or
strictly priority

VLAN management

*only on Ethernet LIM !

Queue assignement (level 3)

depending on PTOS or DSCP

AL

66

PTOS values
(64 = 26)
Precedence
Routine
Priority
Immediate
Flash
Flash

override

Critic/ECP
Internet

Ctrl

Network

Ctrl

Delay

Depending on priority TOS

the queue is selected.

Normal
Low

Throughput
Normal
High

Queue
selection

View filter

Reliability
Normal
High

DifferentialServiceCodePoint values 14 = 1 + 4x3 + 1

AF=Assured Forwording (4 classes and 3 values)
AL

67

VLAN 760 doesnt

transit through port 2

760

VLAN 760 exits through

port 2 untagged
VLAN 760 exits through
port 2 with tag 760

VLAN 760 exits through

port 2, with the same tag it
has at input (unmodified)
VLAN tag given to
untagged packet

Port 1

Port 2

Port 3

VLAN map (level 2)

RadioPor
t AL

68

VLAN management

Not assigned

Example of VLAN list:

VLAN tag of input
packet is not included, see Virtual LAN card in
LAN-x
[x = 1, 2, 3]

AL

69

LAN settings: Interface

Port status

Cable:
straight or
crossed

Flow control

LAN Speed

LLF
status

LAN status

AL

70

LAN settings: Virtual LAN

Tag added to
untagged frame if
output is tagged

Disable 802.1q: no Tag

filter, LAN per port rules

Untagged frame in output:

Unmodified, Tagged, Untagged

Fallback: if input is tagged,

Virtual LAN map rules
will be followed; if input tag
is not present in the map or
input is untagged, Lan per
port rules will be followed
Secure: if input is tagged,
Virtual LAN map rules
will be followed; if input tag
is not present in the map or
input is untagged, packets
will be dropped

Output ports of packets in input at LAN1

AL

71

LAN settings: Priority

How to manage input priority:
-Disable

(No check): forcing of

default values
- 802.1p (level 2)
- IpToS (level 3)
- First 802.1p then IpToS
- First IpToS then 802.1p
default Queue and default Priority
added to output if input is without
priority

AL

72

Local LAN1 Remote LAN1

4 settings:
1) LAN1Internal
2) Internal LAN 1
3) Internal LAN1
4) LAN1 Internal

LOCAL
LOCAL
REMOTE
REMOTE

ENABLED
ANY

AL

73

Local LAN1 Remote LAN1

Local LAN2 Remote LAN2
LAN1,
all

SEGREGATED!

LAN2, Internal : Enabled

the LAN per Port : Disabled

Default

VLAN tag (Vid): LAN14001, LAN24002, Int.any

Ingress

Filtering Check: FallBack

Untagged
Virtual

frame Egress mode: Untagged

lan map

nd
a
l
ca
o
l
On

q
e
e
ot
m
re

t
n
e
m
uip

AL

74

Local VLAN1 Remote VLAN1

Local VLAN2 Remote VLAN2
LAN1,
all

SEGREGATED!

LAN2, Internal : Enabled

the LAN per Port : Disabled

Default

VLAN tag (Vid): LAN1any, LAN2any, Int.any

Ingress

Filtering Check: Secure

Untagged
Virtual

frame Egress mode: Tagged

lan map

nd
a
l
ca
o
l
On

q
e
e
ot
m
re

t
n
e
m
uip

AL

75

PRBS (Pseudo Random Bit Sequence)

Alarm on Checked signal line

Measure results and duration

Sync Los events during test

Measure status
Checked signal selection

Pattern type

Tributary selection if
checked is Signal 2MBit

P.R.B.S replaces the traffic on selected channel

P.R.B.S. test is pointed out as Manual Operation (subject to timeout)

AL

76

Fade margin

AL

77

1) Fade margin : Remote link

In equipment 2 we want
to perform Fade margin
measurement

Remote terminal must be

declared as Remote link

AL

78

2) Fade margin : summary

Input

data : Expected F.M. (calculated by the customer directly,

basing on nominal output power and nominal LBER threshold)

External Atten. : all the losses between radio and antenna
(excluding Branching)
Curr. Step : four step (TxL1RxL1 , TxL2RxL2 , TxL2RxL1 ,
TxL1RxL2)
Real F.M. : value based on expected F.M. adjusted with real
output power, real LBER threshold (and External Atten.)
measured at Final Test Departiment in SIAE and stored in ODU
Real F.M.v. : value calculated decreasing Local Output power
(1 dB step) until Remote LBER alarm activation. This value
should be compared with declared one (Input data)

AL

79

AL PLUS: the IDU

Main differences
Out

of standard capacities

Adaptive
STM-1

modulation

input

AL

80

AL PLUS: LCT

AL

81

Configurator

AL

82

Modulation/Capacity

Capacities for selected

modulation

AL

83

Configuration parameters
Link ID 0 not used
Link ID 0 enable
LinkIDLOC LinkIDREM (always)
After Controller unit replacement a
configuration mismatch can be
solved in two ways:
1)

push Apply Configuration button:

controller standard setup is applied
on the equipment

2)

download the old configuration file

and push Apply Configuration
button: old setup is downloaded on
the controller and after on the
equipment

AL

84

Adaptive modulation
During bad propagation periods the system changes modulation
to increase system gain keeping constant the transmitted bandwith
and reducing transmitted capacity
Adaptive mod. Enabling

Modulation has been varied and

capacity has been reduced
dB of available new system gain
added to previous PTx

Below this PRx threshold, remote PTx increases (as ATPC

feedback). This PRx threshold is the number of dBs from
PRx(@LBER) +2.
Default is 2.
Use of available new system gain
ATPC hysteresis in dB for 4QAM mode
Seconds of stable PRx between ATPC thresholds

AL

85

Adaptive modulation:
32/16QAM to 4QAM mod. change request if, at both ends:
1.

PTx = PTx | MAX

2.

Remote needs more power

3.

PRx is lower than ATPC Low thresholds

4QAM to 16/32QAM mod. change request if, at both ends:

1.

PTx = PTx | MAX@16/32QAM

2.

PRx is between ATPC thresholds

3.

BER is better than 10-9

AL

86

Internal (radio) loop

Line enabled
Line loop

53E1= 32+21

Tributaries
AL

87

What IDU PLUS offers:

AL

88

Normal operating condition

Rx level on both ODU match values given by

hop calculation.
Rx level accuracy:
-40

dBm -75 dBm range

-30 dBm -40 dBm range
AL

3dB
4dB
89

Faulty condition: alarm notification

A faulty condition is pointed out by
IDU front panel LEDs:
- FAIL: controller self test failed
- IDU: alarms from LIM and/or RIM
- ODU: alarms from radio transceiver
- REM: any alarm from other end
- TEST: manual operation active
SCT

window:

- Log history area (with alarm correlation)

- Equipment view current alarms (with alarms grouping)

AL

90

Alarms grouping : Current Alarms

AL

91

AL ALARMS
There are two directions of alarms: Tx and Rx
Tx

This line starts in LIM and arrives to output flange: when a situation of
more alarms is occurring, the most significative alarm of them is at the
beginning of Tx chain, all the others after are due to this
Rx

This line starts in output flange and arrives to LIM: when a situation of
more alarms is occurring, the most significative alarm of them is at the
beginning of Rx chain, all the others after should be caused by this

ODU

Rx
Most Significant alarm

RIM
LIM

Tx

ODU
RIM
LIM

AL

92

Synthesis, Local/Remote group

Alarms are divided in groups: the name of the group is
the name of the module where alarms come from, or
the name of a specific characteristic of these alarms
A Synthesis alarm, with the name of relevant
group, is the OR of alarms of that group (AL only).
If an alarm occurs, also relevant LOCAL synthesis
occurs (while REMOTE synthesis occurs in remote
equipment)

AL

93

Alarms grouping : COMMON

Alarms not related to a specific part of the equipment but
relevant to the link.
Example:
EOC radio alarm (relevant SCT management)
Link telemetry fail (relevant traffic, ATPC info, man op)
If both alarms are ON, the link is interrupted.
Investigation must be made on a possible condition of bad
propagation, or equipment failure

AL

94

AL

95

Link telemetry fail

No link between Local and Remote station. Traffic is cut.
Link telemetry is inserted in main radio frame in Bit Insertion
circuit inside LIM, and contains commands for the remote
station: switch off the radios on remote side in case of local RF
loop, Link ID, ATPC info.
Telemetry link is a connection between local and remote IDUs.
TEST - if this alarm occurs, a double IDU loop (both branches)
can be done: if this alarm disappears, local IDU is OK and the
problem is after (propagation, local radios, remote equipment).

AL

96

Communication Radio EOC Data link

No link between Local and Remote station or wrong
port address configuration.
EOC is the channel involved in management
communication.
If EOC radio link is active:
- Traffic is OK
- Management is cut (no remote)

AL

97

PRBS Fail
When PRBS is working and no signal is received on checked
signal, in PRBS window the field Sync Los Alarm is active
together with PRBS Fail in Current alarms window
Every ON-OFF transition
increases the field
PRBS Fail Alarm Counter

AL

98

Communication 2Mb EOC Data link

No EOC channel is present on selected tributary in selected timeslot : wrong
port address configuration or no tributary input (LOS).EOC is the channel
involved in management communication.
If EOC 2Mb link is active:
- Management is cut (no remote)
- If relative LOS is active,
traffic on that tributary is out

AL

99

Revertive
When a branch is declared preferential,
the switch on opposite branch gives
Revertive alarm.
The return to preferential branch, when
available again, happens after Wait Time
period.

AL

100

2Mb/s G.704 (Trib.x)

Radio Fail/AIS and/or Line Fail/AIS
When management messages come via tributary
timeslot, further checks are performed on both
directions of used tributary

AL

101

Tx Fail
When on remote side both radios dont receive, on local
side a Tx switch command is performed and Tx fail alarm
is enabled.
When this alarm is on,
check local ODU in stand by
This functionality is enabled
in LCT General Preset
The alarm remains active
until Reset is given

AL

102

Link ID
Alarm is on if Link ID check is enabled (Link ID 0)
and remote Link ID is different from the local one.
Traffic is cut but signal is received and measured.
Output = AIS
This alarm
causes:

AL

103

Alarms grouping : LIM

These alarms come from
External fault: tributary LOS
LIM failure:
-Multiplexer/demultiplexer failure
-Modulator/demodulator failure
Warning: modulator/demodulator
circuitry is spread into LIM and RIM
modules.
RIM or ODU alarms propagation
(seen in LIM as Baseband RX alarm)
AL

104

AL

105

Tributary-1 Signal loss

Tx

Loss Of Signal alarm is active when a situation opposite to that

foreseen by configuration is performed on tributary interface:
No input or
or
cable disconnected
TRIB. STATUS

Tributary
connected

AL

106

Multiplexer fail

Tx

The alarm is given during multiplexing of input tributaries by

Overflow stuffing memories

Overflow is due to bad clock of one tributary (too fast: >+50ppm)

or hardware failure
In case of Multiplexer Fail the signal forwarded to the radio is
N x AIS (from all the N tributaries)

AL

107

Branch-x Modulator Fail

Tx

This alarm is active when at cable interface Tx IF

modulated signal (330 MHz) is missing or is under a
certain value; this is due to:
Modulator faulty
Cable IDU-ODU open (that produces high VSWR
value)

Traffic is cut

AL

108

Branch-x ODU-IDU
Communication fail
This alarm occurs when on carrier used to receive
information from ODU, or remote commands from other side,
are detected:

CRC errors

Loss of frame

This carrier is separated from carrier used for opposite

direction (IDUODU) and from TX or RX carriers

AL

109

Branch-x Demodulator Fail

Rx

This alarm is active when average deviation of symbol

recognition is higher of a certain level.
Every problem in constellation gives Demodulator alarm:
Problem of digital conversion of received signal from RIM
I or Q signal missing
High level of interference (bad quality but good Rx level)
No Rx IF modulated signal (140 MHz) from ODU (no Rx, ODU
faulty, IDU/ODU cable open)
Branch Rx quality alarm

(software settable)

Demodulator alarm causes:

Rx quality alarms (HBER, LBER, EWL)

Rx signal alarms (BaseBand Rx)

Traffic is cut

AL

110

Branch-x BaseBand Rx

Rx

This alarm is active when

Bit Extraction does not work (in LIM)

Demodulator does not work (in LIM)

Demodulator does not receive from RIM or ODU

BaseBand Rx causes:
Demultiplexer Fail

Traffic is cut

AL

111

Demultiplexer Fail

Rx

The alarm is given during demultiplexing by:

Frame Alignment Word not recognised (LOF - loss of frame)

Overflow destuffing memories

Overflow memories of hitless Rx switch

BaseBand Rx alarm

In case of Demultiplexer Fail, output is AIS (from all the

tributaries)
AL

112

Alarms grouping : RIM

These alarms come from
External fault: demodulator fail alarm and
ODU alarm are generated when ODU
becomes faulty
RIM failure: PSU alarm with cable
open/short alarm or modulator/demodulator
alarms are active
Warning: modulator/demodulator circuitry is
spread into LIM and RIM modules.

AL

113

AL

114

Branch-1 Power Supply

This alarm is active when the PSU (Power Supply Unit) of one
RIM is switched off or is in failure condition

All alarmed
from now on

PSU

IDU

Analysis order is:

RT

If the PSU is off, all the alarms of that RIM are activated:
this alarm causes all
Rx Branch-1 alarms
except those relevant
Radio1 (is OFF)

AL

115

Branch-1 Cable open/short

This alarm is active when the following situations occur:
- Cable open alarm no current through cable interface: ODU is not
supplied so situation looks like PSU alarm (Rx alarms) with cable alarm
instead PSU alarm
- Cable short alarm overcurrent/low voltage through cable interface
If both alarms are
active, 48 V source
has no enough current

Caused by high VSWR

value of damaged cable

Cable open
situation
AL

116

Alarms grouping : RT
These alarms come from
External fault: Rx power low alarm is
generated because of bad propagation
or by remote terminal faulty
ODU failure: PSU fail alarm or RF
VCO alarm or RF IF alarm is activated

AL

117

AL

118

Branch-x IDU-ODU
Communication fail
This alarm occurs in ODU when on carrier used to receive
command from IDU, are detected:

CRC errors

Loss of frame

This carrier is separated from carrier used for opposite

direction (ODUIDU) and from TX or RX carriers

AL

119

Branch-1 RT Radio Power Supply

This alarm is active when the Power Supply
section of the radio doesnt work properly or is in
failure condition (voltage in input out of range).
Depending voltage value, radio can work.
When the under/over voltage is too high, radio is
off and other alarms (cable open) cover this.

AL

120

Branch 1 RT VCO fail

Tx & Rx

This alarm occurs when VCO in RF unit is not able

to lock any frequencies.
Every problem in VCO causes alarms in both
directions: RF unit is not able to convert IF Tx in RF
Tx (Tx Power Low alarm) and RF Rx in IF Rx .
In this situation the alarm is active together with Tx
Power Low and all Rx alarms because RF channel
is not locked.

AL

121

Branch 1 RT If fail
This alarm occurs when is not present IF signal
inside ODU. There are two different IF signals but
one alarm only.
IF Tx: the alarm is on with Tx Power Low
IF Rx: the alarm is on with all Rx alarms
When VCO is faulty, RF unit gives a IFRX signal
made up of noise: this is enough to mantain IF fail
alarm off.
AL

122

Branch 1 RT Tx Power Low

Tx

This alarm occurs when Tx power is 3 dB under

standard output of ODU-RF unit.
ATPC or manual attenuation do not affect this alarm
that is given by internal failure of the radio.
This alarm can be activated by a manual operation
also: Tx Transmitter off in Radio Branch - Settings
If both Rx Power Low and Tx Power Low are
active, RF unit inside ODU is faulty

AL

123

Branch 1 RT Rx Power Low

Rx

This alarm occurs when Rx power is under a

defined threshold
Threshold value can be set for both branches in
range - 40 dBm- 99 dBm in LCT - General preset
The alarm Rx Power Low is a branch alarm and it is
used to drive Rx switch

AL

124

Alarms grouping : UNIT

This group generates alarms when one of the
units, the equipment consists of, is faulty or
does not respond to controller polling:
Unit fail
Unit is not responding
Unit is missing
Unit hardware mismatch
Unit software mismatch
AL

125

AL

126

OTHER
ALARMS

AL

127

Performance alarms
Every performance measure can drive the relevant alarm if threshold
is exceeded.
Threshold in sec. relevant 15 minutes alarm
Threshold in sec. relevant 24 hours alarm
Threshold in dB of Rx alarm
alarm counter reset

If 0, alarm
is disabled

15 minutes
alarms severity

AL

128

Performance monitoring
15 min.
alarms
24 hours
alarms

PRX < -70

dBm

>

5
-5

m
dB

RX

R = 15 minutes

AL

129

Recorder : Prx

date

AL

LCT

time

dBm

130

Measures
Performances is a group of measures, 15 minutes by 15
minutes, day by day, recorded by the equipment itself and
downloaded on the PC.
These measures remain active also with SCT (and PC)
disconnected.
Recorder Prx is the recording of Rx power on a log file
inside the PC: every time a new value is measured a new
record is written inside the log file with info of when (day, hour,
minutes and seconds) and how much (dBm measured).
This recording remains active until SCT is connected to the
equipment.

AL

131

RF
LOOP

IDU
LOOP

BASEBAND
LOOP

MOD-DEMOD

RF

RIM 1

Branch

Line side

AL : available loops
data direction:
- towards the equipment that has enabled the loop (baseband, IDU, RF)
- selectable for E1 loop
- only local loops
MO
-E
D
M R
F
1 ID
IM
R
UO
1 R
U
D
F
P L
O
L
P
O

MU
MX
E
-D
X

AS
B
P
O
L
D
N
A
B
E

1 L
E
P
O

:AL :av ailbe lops

n
o
c
tire
a
d
rd e
w
tb
e
-s
a
c
ly
n
o
n
im
u
q
h
lp
1
rE
fo
s th
l e
b
n
e
s
a
( b
p
lo
th
d
RF
U
,ID
d
n
e
s
a
)

IM
L

MUX-DEMUX

E1 LOOP

BASEBAND
1
LOOP

ODU 1

LOOPS

LIM

Radio side

AL

132

Line side

AL loop:
external PRBS

Radio side

E1 loop line side : loop works with line

enabled or not
E1 loop radio side : loop works with line
enabled on local side and on remote side
Base Band, IDU, RF loop : loop works if
line used is enabled local side and on
remote side
AL

133

AL loop:
internal PRBS

Alarm OFF: signal is back!

E1 loop line side : is before PRBS checking point

E1 loop radio side :loop works with line enabled on
remote side, indifferent* on local side.
Base Band, IDU, RF loop : loop works any status of
local* and remote line
__________________________
* PRBS enables automatically
ALthe local side of used line

134

Loop timeout

AL

135

Propagation
Free space loss (L in Km, f in GHz)
Received power

PT

A fs 92.44dB 20 Log L f

PR dBm PT dBm A fs dB GT dB GR dB

PR

AL

136

Antenna
D = antenna diameter
D

= wave lenght = c/f

= Aeff / Ageo= antenna efficiency 0,6

8
1
3

10
ms
c = speed of light =

D 2 2

Antenna gain G 10 Log
2

AL

137

n2

1) Refraction
Snell law:

n1sen1 n2 sen 2

n4

n3

n1

n2

n1

k < 4/3 (sub-standard)

k > 4/3 (super-standard)

AL

k = 4/3 (standard)

138

2) hgeo earth is not flat

2

hgeo

R0

considering geometrical visibility

on a planet with no air
2

L

hgeo
k R0

with k<4/3 , k=4/3 , k>4/3 considering the

refraction of troposphere (previous page)

hgeo
L
R0 = 6378 km
AL

139

3) First Fresnel zone

A nth fresnel zone gives in phase contributes to radio waves
propagation.
In order to avoid attenuation is important that first fresnel
zone is without obstacle: to tower height calculation, must be add
the ray of biggest fresnel zone, the first zone

L
RM
2
L
RM
AL

140

Height of the towers

We have to consider:

earths curvature

k effect (refraction)

first Fresnel zone free

From the first we obtain hgeo , with refraction hgeo becomes hgeo
and from the last we have to add also RM

L
L
RM
hgeo

k R0
2
2

htower

AL

141

example
L = 20 km
f = 23 GHz
k = 4/3

L

hgeo
0.047 km 47 m
1.333 R0

R0 = 6378 km

L
RM
8.1m
2
htower= 47m + 8,1m = 55.1m
AL

142

Fade margin

from previous page: 4QAM/16x2

L = 20 km

PT= +20 dBm

f = 23 GHz

HBER - 82 dBm

A fs (dB ) 92.44 20 Log L f 92.44 53.26 145.7 dB

x = gain of antennas

FM= 40dB (purpouse)

FM= PR-HBER PR= -82dBm+40dB = -42dBm

PR dBm PT dBm A fs dB GT dB GR dB
GT+GR= 2G = PR-PT+Afs= -42dBm-20dBm+146dB=84dB
GT=GR=42dB

D=60cm G=40dB

AL

D=80cm G= 42,6dB

143

Rain attenuation (f > 8GHz )

25 mm/h

100 mm/h

10

GHz

0.5 dB/km

2.5 dB/km

15

GHz

1.5 dB/km

7 dB/km

20

GHz

2.1 dB/km

10 dB/km

30

GHz

4 dB/km

15 dB/km

40

GHz

6 dB/km

20 dB/km

AL

144

Rain depolarization

H
vertical polar. e.m. wave

Drop weight
H
E
horizontal polar. e.m. wave

Wind
I

v
GHz

Drag (air resistence)

AL

145

Multipath

Direct ray

Indirect ray

Indirect ray, depending on its phase, can increase or decrease the

power of the main stream
Two rays model

H 1 b e

j ( )

Direct ray: amplitude =

Indirect ray: amplitude = b , phase delay = , time delay =
In B position, received signal has a notch every 1/ Hz with
deepness depending on b
AL

146