Scribd
Upload
21 views

Chap 1

The document describes the process of mathematical modeling. It defines a model as a mathematical representation of a physical system for a specific purpose. The key steps in modeling are: (1) defining the real-world problem, (2) formulating it as a mathematical problem, (3) solving the mathematical representation, and (4) interpreting the solution in real-world terms. Models can be classified based on attributes like deterministic vs. stochastic. They take various forms like nonlinear algebraic equations, differential equations, and more. The document emphasizes that while all models are imperfect, some can still provide useful insights.

Uploaded by

Rama Chilpuri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
21 views

Chap 1

The document describes the process of mathematical modeling. It defines a model as a mathematical representation of a physical system for a specific purpose. The key steps in modeling are: (1) defining the real-world problem, (2) formulating it as a mathematical problem, (3) solving the mathematical representation, and (4) interpreting the solution in real-world terms. Models can be classified based on attributes like deterministic vs. stochastic. They take various forms like nonlinear algebraic equations, differential equations, and more. The document emphasizes that while all models are imperfect, some can still provide useful insights.

Uploaded by

Rama Chilpuri
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 39

Mathematical Modeling

Contents

Some modelling applications


What is a model ?
The key steps to real world modelling
Where are models used ?
What do models look like ?
What form do models take ?
Some modelling wisdom !
2

The Concept of a Model

What is a model ?
Imitation of reality
Process engineering models
A mathematical representation (M) of a
physical system (S) for a specific
purpose (P) and experiment (E)

The Modelling
Process
Real
world

problem

Mathematic
al
problem
2

4
Interpretatio
n

Mathematica
l
solution
4

The Modelling Process


Real
world

problem

Mathematic
al
problem
2

4
Interpretatio
n

Mathematica
l
solution
5

The Modelling
Process
Real
world

problem

Mathematic
al
problem
2

4
Interpretatio
n

Mathematica
l
solution
6

The Modelling
Process
Real
world

problem

Mathematic
al
problem
2

4
Interpretatio
n

Mathematica
l
solution
7

The Modelling
Process
Real
world

problem

Mathematic
al
problem
2

4
Interpretatio
n

Mathematica
l
solution
8

Model Application
Areas
Process design
Process control and
diagnosis
Troubleshooting
Process safety
Operator training
Environmental impact
assessment
9

Model Classification
Mechanistic vs.
Empirical
Stochastic vs.
Deterministic
Lumped vs. Distributed
Linear vs. Nonlinear
Continuous vs. Discrete
Dynamic vs. Steady
state
10

Model Equation Forms

Deterministic
Stochastic
Lumped
Distributed
Linear
Continuous
Discrete

NLAE/ODE/PDAEs
NLAE/DE/Integral
PDAEs
NLAE/ODE
Elliptic/Parabolic PDE
linear AE/ODE
NLAE/ODE
-/DE
11

Modelling Wisdom
All models are wrong .
. some are
useful !
George Box

12

For Discussion (1)


What common models do we associate
with heat transfer ?

Conduction?Fouriers model (1822)


Newtons model
Convection ?
(1701)
Radiation ?

What are some of Stefan-Boltzmann


the key characteristics of
(1879)
these models ?
What classification do you give them ?
What are some of the impediments to
effective model building ?

13

A Model Building
Framework

An Overview
The process system (SISO,
MISO,MIMO)
The modelling goal
A systematic approach
The necessary ingredients

15

The Process System


d
u

Inputs, u
Outputs, y
States, x
Disturbances,
d

y
x

y = S[u,d]
(SISO, MIMO
SS or dynamic)
16

The Modelling Goal


Application areas
Flowsheeting
simulation
(rating)
design
optimization

Process control
prediction
regulation
identification
diagnosis

Performance specifications
real, integer or Boolean
indices
17

A Systematic Modeling Procedure


1

Problem
definition

Controlling
factors

Problem
data

Model
construction

Model
solution

Model
verification
18

Model
calibration &
validation

1. Problem Definition
Clear description of system
establish underlying assumptions

Statement of modelling
intention
intended goal or use
acceptable error
anticipated inputs/disturbances

19

Definition Example (Step 1)

f, C

Ai

in-flow

f, C
out-flow

,C

CSTR description
details
lumped ?
dynamic
Goal (intent)
inlet change range
+/-10% accuracy
Dynamic
behaviour
control design
20

A Systematic Modelling Procedure


1

Problem
definition

Controlling
factors

Problem
data

Model
construction

Model
solution

Model
verification

21

Model
calibration &
validation

2. Controlling Factors /
Mechanisms
Chemical reaction
Mass transfer
convective,
evaporative, ...

Heat transfer
radiative, conductive,

Momentum transfer
ASSUMPTION
S 22

Mechanisms - CSTR (step 2)


Chemical reaction A
P
Perfect mixing
No heat loss (adiabatic)

23

A Systematic Modelling Procedure


1

Problem
definition

Controlling
factors

Problem
data

Model
construction

Model
solution

Model
verification
24

Model
calibration &
validation

3. Data for the problem

Physico-chemical data
Reaction kinetics
Equipment parameters
Plant data

25

Data - CSTR (step 3)


Reaction kinetics data: k0 , E,
HR
Physico-chemical properties
specific heats, enthalpies,

Equipment parameters: V

26

A Systematic Modelling Procedure


1

Problem
definition

Controlling
factors

Problem
data

Model
construction

Model
solution

Model
verification

27

Model
calibration &
validation

4. Model construction
Assumptions
Boundaries and
balance volumes
Conservation
equations
mass
energy
momentum

Constitutive equations
reaction rates
transfer rates
property relations
balance volume
relations
control relations &
equipment
constraints
Characterizing Variables
Conditions (ICs, BCs)
Parameters
28

CSTR Model
(step 4)

dm A
f Ai f A rV
dt
dH
fH i fH
Equations
dt

Assumptions

A1: perfect mixing


conservation
E
A2: first order reaction

RT
r

k
e
CA
0
A3: adiabatic
m A C AV
operation
A4: equal inflow,
H i cPTi
constitutive
outflow
H cPT
A5: constant
f A i fC A
properties
i

f A fC A
29

CSTR Model (step 4)


Initial Conditions
C A (0) C Ai
T (0) Ti

Parameters and
inputs
10% accuracy
V , f , C A i , Ti , cP
30% - 500%
k0 , E , H R
accuracy
30

A Systematic Modelling Procedure


1

Problem
definition

Controlling
factors

Problem
data

Model
construction

Model
solution

Model
verification
31

Model
calibration &
validation

5. Model solution

Algebraic systems
Ordinary differential equations
Differential-algebraic equations
Partial differential equations
Integro-partial differential
equations

32

CSTR - Numerical
Solution (step 5)
Solution of differential-algebraic
equations
using structuring techniques
using direct DAE solution

33

A Systematic Modelling Procedure


1

Problem
definition

Controlling
factors

Problem
data

Model
construction

Model
solution

Model
verification

34

Model
calibration &
validation

6. Model verification
Structured programming
approach
Exercise all code logic
conditions
Constraints

Quality documentation

35

A Systematic Modelling Procedure


1

Problem
definition

Controlling
factors

Problem
data

Model
construction

Model
solution

Model
verification
36

Model
calibration &
validation

7. Model
calibration/validation
Generate plant data
Analyze plant data for quality
Independent hypothesis testing for
validation
Revise the model until suitable for
purpose

37

Blending process

38

39

You might also like