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Fluid Mechanics 230: Dr. Law Ming Chiat

This document provides information about the Fluid Mechanics 230 course for Semester 1, 2015. It includes details about lectures, tutorials, labs, consultations, learning outcomes, and an introduction to fluid mechanics topics like fluid properties, flow fields, streamlines, viscosity, laminar and turbulent flow, and the Reynolds number. The key concepts are that fluid mechanics studies conservation laws in fluids, viscosity produces shear stresses in fluid layers, and the Reynolds number determines if a flow is laminar or turbulent.

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Jack Jong
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54 views

Fluid Mechanics 230: Dr. Law Ming Chiat

This document provides information about the Fluid Mechanics 230 course for Semester 1, 2015. It includes details about lectures, tutorials, labs, consultations, learning outcomes, and an introduction to fluid mechanics topics like fluid properties, flow fields, streamlines, viscosity, laminar and turbulent flow, and the Reynolds number. The key concepts are that fluid mechanics studies conservation laws in fluids, viscosity produces shear stresses in fluid layers, and the Reynolds number determines if a flow is laminar or turbulent.

Uploaded by

Jack Jong
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fluid Mechanics 230

Dr. Law Ming Chiat

Semester 1, 2015

2 x Lectures per week


Clashes?

1 x Tutorial per week


Civil (GP3:101, Monday, 12-1 pm)
Questions?

2 lab work per semester


Lab registration starts at 10 am today
Be punctual
Read before you attend the lab session
Appropriate attire

Consultation
Consultation: Go to your respective tutor
Make appointment before you come

Unit Learning Outcomes (ULO)


Recognize fluid phenomena and understand their causes, especially
with regards to viscous and inviscid flow
Characterize fluid behavior and its effects using non-dimensional
groups
Apply basic conservation principles in Fluid Mechanics
Model simple flow situations to make estimate of fluid forces
Perform design calculations for engineering applications that involve
fluid flow

CHAPTER ONE
The Characterization of Fluid Flows

What is a FLUID?
3 states of matter: Solid, Liquid, Gas
To classify FLUIDS or Non FLUIDS:
based on how they respond to a SHEAR
FORCE
Solid: can resist shear force
Fluid: deforms continuously

Fluids Vs Solids
B

E
y

Fluids (liquid and gas) is lacking the ability of solids to offer permanent
resistance to a deforming force, F acting tangentially to the surfaces
A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously under the action of
shearing force
If a fluid is at rest, there can be no shearing force acting and, therefore, all
forces in the fluid must be perpendicular to the plane upon which they act

Fluid Mechanics
A study of conservation laws (mass, momentum, energy)
with respect to fluids
To use this understanding in wide range of applications
such as:
aircraft flight,
the pipe work system in an oil processing plant, or
the design of buildings able to withstand hurricane-force winds

Flow Fields (1)


Describes the motion of fluid in a given region
Example 1:
Uniform flow, occurring in an infinite region

streamlines

Flow velocity is constant, u

Flow Fields (2)


Example 2:
Uniform flow (inviscid) passes an object (a cylinder)

Spatial dependence (i.e. on x and y) of flow velocity is now evident


flow velocity and speed can change along a streamline

Streamline Equations
Two-dimensional and steady flows

Case 1: Uniform flow


Case 2: Fluid flow past a particle

General Streamline Equation


Three dimensional and unsteady flows
Flow velocity

Flow speed

v u2 2 2

Effect of Viscosity
What is viscosity?
Can be thought of as producing friction (or shear stress)
between lumps of fluids as they pass by each other
That makes the fluid cling to a rigid boundary in the flow fields

Fluid at boundary moves at same velocity as boundary


Uw(y=0) = 0
Uw(y=D) = Uw

No Slip Condition

Velocity must change from 0 to Uw going from bottom to Top


If D is small, Uw varies linearly with y-axis.
Uw(y) = yUw/D

No-slip Condition

Flow velocity:

There are shear forces in the flow

Newtonian Fluid

Newtons law of viscosity

dynamic viscosity (Ns/m2)

kinematic viscosity (m2/s)

Newtons law of viscosity

Internal Pipe Flows

Laminar

Turbulent

Laminar and Turbulent Flows


Laminar Flow:
The flow is well ordered and stratified with a quadratic (in y) velocity
profile. Note that the flow is also steady (time independent). It is the
velocity which ensures that the flow is well ordered with its effect
influencing all of the flow from the wall to the centre-line

Turbulent Flow:
The laminar flow has broken down to give random fluctuations in the
core region of the flow. This is unsteady flow (time dependent) although
the random behavior of the fluid allows us to use time averaged values
the velocity profile shown is a time averaged characterization.
At the higher flow speeds associated with turbulent flow in pipes, the
effect of viscosity only penetrates a small region close to the wall.

External Uniform flow over the plate

Reynolds Number

For pipe flow

For flow over a plate

What Reynolds number means for us?


A measure of the importance of viscosity in the flow
When Re number is very large, the flow can be regarded
as inviscid (viscous effects are negligible)
In Internal/external flows, the viscous effects are
confined to a small layer at and close to the solid surface
this thin layer is called the boundary layer, where the
shear stress is only significant within this layer and at the
surface. Beyond the boundary layer, the flow is
essentially inviscid.

Other Examples of Laminar/Turbulent Flows

Summary
You have learnt different characteristics of fluid flows
In many instances (i.e. aircraft design), we want to avoid
a turbulence flow
In other applications (i.e. heat transfer and mixing),
turbulent flow is encouraged
The job of engineer is to manipulate fluid flows to suit a
particular purpose (or application)

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