Modeling with UML

Lecture 8

Overview: modeling with UML

What is modeling?
What is UML?
Use case diagrams
Class diagrams
Sequence diagrams
Activity diagrams

What is modeling?

Modeling consists of building an

abstraction of reality.
Abstractions are simplifications
because:
They ignore irrelevant details and
They only represent the relevant details.

What is relevant or irrelevant depends

on the purpose of the model.
Example: street map
3

Why model software?

Software is getting increasingly more
complex
Windows XP around 45 million lines of code
OpenSolaris = 9.7 M LOC
Mac OS X 10.4 = 86 M LOC
A small number of programmers cannot manage
this amount of code in its entirety.

Code is not easily understandable by

developers who did not write it
We need simpler representations for
complex systems
Modeling is a means for dealing with complexity
4

Application and Solution Domain

Application Domain (Requirements
Analysis):
The environment in which the system is
operating

Solution Domain (System Design,

Object Design):
The available technologies to build the
system
5

Object-oriented Modeling

Application Domain
(Phenomena)

Solution Domain
(Phenomena)

System Model (Concepts) (Analysis)

System Model (Concepts) (Design)

TrafficControl

UML
Package

Aircraft TrafficController
Airport

FlightPlan

Summary
MapDisplay Display
FlightPlanDatabase
TrafficControl
6

What is UML?
UML (Unified Modeling Language)
Nonproprietary standard for modeling software systems,
OMG
Convergence of notations used in object-oriented methods
OMT (James Rumbaugh)
Booch (Grady Booch)
OOSE (Ivar Jacobson)

Current Version: UML 2.4.1

Information at the OMG portal http://www.uml.org/

Commercial tools:

Rational (IBM),Together (Borland), Visual Architect

(business processes)

Open Source tools: ArgoUML, StarUML, Umbrello

Commercial and Opensource: PoseidonUML (Gentleware)
7

UML: First Pass

You can model 80% of most problems by using
about 20% UML
This lecture covers only that 20%
80-20 rule: Pareto principle (Wikipedia)
80% of your
customers
80% of your
customers
80% of your
spend
80% of your

profits come from 20% of your

complaints come from 20% of your
profits come from 20% of the time you
sales come from 20% of your products
8

UML First Pass

Use case diagrams
Describe the functional behavior of the system as
seen by the user

Class diagrams
Describe the static structure of the system: Objects,
attributes, associations

Sequence diagrams
Describe the dynamic behavior between objects of
the system

State diagrams
Describe the dynamic behavior of an individual
object
9

UML Core Conventions

All UML Diagrams denote graphs of

nodes and edges
Nodes are entities and drawn as
rectangles or ovals

Rectangles denote classes or instances

Ovals denote functions

Names of Classes are not underlined

SimpleWatch
Firefighter

Names of Instances are underlined

myWatch:SimpleWatch
Joe:Firefighter

An edge between two nodes denotes a relationship between

the corresponding entities
10

UML first pass: Use case diagrams

Classifier

Use Case

Actor

System boundary
Use case diagrams represent the functionality of the system from users point of view
11

UML first pass: Class diagrams

Association
Class
Multiplicity
2
PushButton

SimpleWatch
1
1
Display

1
2
Battery

1
Time

Class diagrams represent the structure of the system

12

UML first pass: Class diagrams

Class diagrams represent the structure of the system
Association
Class
Multiplicity
1
2
PushButton
state
push()
release()

Attribute

Watch
1 1 1

1
LCDDisplay
blinkIdx
blinkSeconds()
blinkMinutes()
blinkHours()
stopBlinking()
referesh()

2
Battery
Load

1
Time
Now

Operations

13

UML first pass: Sequence diagram

Actor

Message

:WatchUser

Object
:Watch

pressButton1()
pressButton1()
pressButton2()

Lifeline
:LCDDisplay

:Time

blinkHours()
blinkMinutes()
incrementMinutes()
refresh()

pressButton1and2()
commitNewTime()

Activation

stopBlinking()

Sequence diagrams represent the behavior of a system as messages

(interactions) between different objects

14

UML first pass: Statechart diagrams

Initial state

Event
button1&2Pressed

Transition
button1&2Pressed

State

Blink
Hours

button2Pressed

Increment
Hours

button1Pressed

Blink
Minutes

button2Pressed

Increment
Minutes

button1Pressed

Stop
Blinking

Blink
Seconds

button2Pressed

Increment
Seconds

Final state
Represent behavior of a single object with interesting dynamic behavior.
15

Other UML Notations

UML provides many other notations, for

example
Deployment diagrams for modeling
configurations
Useful for testing and for release
management

We introduce these and other notations

as we go along in the lectures
Object Constraint Language (OCL): A
language for constraining UML models
16

What should be done first? Coding or

Modeling?
It all depends.
Forward Engineering
Creation of code from a model
Start with modeling
Greenfield projects

Reverse Engineering
Creation of a model from existing code
Interface or reengineering projects

Roundtrip Engineering
Move constantly between forward and reverse
engineering
Reengineering projects
Useful when requirements, technology and schedule are
changing frequently.
17

UML Second Pass

Use case diagrams
Describe the functional behavior of the system as seen
by the user

Class diagrams
Describe the static structure of the system: Objects,
attributes, associations

Sequence diagrams
Describe the dynamic behavior between objects of the
system

State diagrams
Describe the dynamic behavior of an individual object

Activity diagrams
Describe the dynamic behavior of a system, in particular
the workflow.
18

UML Use Case Diagrams

Used during requirements elicitation and
analysis to represent external behavior
(visible from the outside of the system)

Passenger

An Actor represents a role, that

is, a type of user of the
system
A use case represents a class of
functionality provided by the system

PurchaseTicket

Use case model:

The set of all use cases that
completely describe the
functionality of the system.
19

Actors
An actor is a model for an external
entity which interacts
(communicates) with the system:
User
External system (Another system)
Physical environment (e.g. Weather)
Passenger

Name

An actor has a unique name and an

optional description
Optional
Examples:
Description
Passenger: A person in the train
GPS satellite: An external system that
provides the system with GPS
coordinates.

20

Use
Case
A use case represents a class

PurchaseTicket

of functionality provided by
the system
Use cases can be described
textually, with a focus on the
event flow between actor and
system
The textual use case
description consists of 6 parts:
1.Unique name
2.Participating actors
3.Entry conditions
4.Exit conditions
5.Flow of events

21

Textual Use Case Description

Example

PurchaseTicket
Passenger

5. Flow of events:
1. Name: Purchaseticket
2. Participating actor:
Passenger
3. Entry condition:
Passenger stands in front
of ticket distributor
Passenger has sufficient
money to purchase ticket
4. Exit condition:
Passenger has ticket

1. Passenger selects the

number of zones to be
traveled
2. Ticket Distributor
displays the amount due
3. Passenger inserts
money, at least the
amount due
4. Ticket Distributor returns
change
5. Ticket Distributor issues
ticket

6. Special requirements:
None.
22

Uses Cases can be related

Extends Relationship
To represent seldom invoked use cases
or exceptional functionality

Includes Relationship
To represent functional behavior
common to more than one use case.

23

The <<extends>> Relationship

Passenger

PurchaseTicket
<<extends>>

<<extends>>

<<extends>> relationships
model exceptional or seldom
invoked cases
The exceptional event flows
are factored out of the main
event flow for clarity
The direction of an
<<extends>> relationship is to
the extended use case
Use cases representing
exceptional flows can extend
more than one use case.

<<extends>>

OutOfOrder

<<extends>>

Cancel

NoChange

TimeOut

24

The <<includes>>Relationship

<<includes>>
relationship represents
common functionality
needed in more than one
Passenger
use case
<<includes>> behavior
PurchaseMultiCard
is factored out for reuse,
not because it is an
PurchaseSingleTicket
exception
<<includes>>
The direction of a
<<includes>>
<<includes>>
relationship is to the
using use case (unlike
CollectMoney
the direction of the
<<extends>>
<<extends>>
<<extends>>
relationship)
NoChange

Cancel
25

Class Diagrams

Class diagrams represent structure of the system

It is used
during requirements analysis to model application
domain concepts
during system design to model subsystems
during object design to specify the detailed behavior
and attributes of classes.

TarifSchedule
Tablezone2price
EnumerationgetZones()
PricegetPrice(Zone)

Trip
zone:Zone
* price:Price

26

Classes

Type

Name
TarifSchedule
zone2price
getZones()
getPrice()

TarifSchedule
Tablezone2price
EnumerationgetZones()
PricegetPrice(Zone)

Attributes

Signature

Operations

TarifSchedule

A class represents a concept

A class encapsulates state (attributes) and behavior (operations)

Each attribute has a type

Each operation has a signature
The class name is the only mandatory information

Actor vs Class vs Object

Actor
An entity outside the system to be modeled,
interacting with the system (Passenger)

Class
An abstraction modeling an entity in the
application or solution domain
The class is part of the system model (User,
Ticket distributor, Server)

Object
A specific instance of a class (Joe, the
passenger who is purchasing a ticket from the
ticket distributor).
29

Associations

TarifSchedule

TripLeg

EnumerationgetZones()
PricegetPrice(Zone)

Price
Zone

Associations denote relationships between classes

The multiplicity of an association end

denotes how many objects the instance
of a class can legitimately reference.

1-to-1 and 1-to-many Associations

Country

name:String

1 Capital(City)
name:String

1to1association
Polygon

Point
x: Integer
y: Integer

draw()

1tomanyassociation
31

Many-to-Many Associations

Company
StockExchange

tickerSymbol

32

From Problem Statement To

Object Model
ProblemStatement:Astockexchangelistsmany
companies.Eachcompanyisuniquelyidentifiedbya
tickersymbol

Class Diagram:
StockExchange

*
Lists

Company
tickerSymbol

33

From Problem Statement to Code

ProblemStatement:stockexchangelistsmanycompanies.
Eachcompanyisidentifiedbyatickersymbol
Class Diagram:
StockExchange

Java Code

*
Lists

Company
tickerSymbol

publicclassStockExchange
{
privateVectorm_Company=newVector();
};

Associations
are mapped to
Attributes!

publicclassCompany
{
publicintm_tickerSymbol;
privateVectorm_StockExchange=newVector();
};

34

Aggregation

An aggregation is a special case of association

denoting a consists-of hierarchy
Exhaust system
The aggregate is the parent class,
the components are the children classes
1

0..2

Muffler

Tailpipe

diameter

diameter

A solid diamond denotes composition: A strong form of

aggregation where the life time of the component
instances is controlled by the aggregate. That is, the parts
dont exist on their won (the whole controls/destroys the
parts)
TicketMachine
3
ZoneButton

Qualifiers

Without qualification

Directory

File
filename

With qualification

Directory

filename

0..1

Qualifiers can be used to reduce the multiplicity of an association

File

Qualification: Another Example

Company
StockExchange

StockExchange

Lists

tickerSymbol

Lists

tickerSymbol

Company

37

Inheritance
Button

CancelButton

ZoneButton

Inheritance is another special case of an

association denoting a kind-of hierarchy
Inheritance simplifies the analysis model by
introducing a taxonomy
The children classes inherit the attributes and
operations of the parent class.
38

Packages
Packages help organize UML models to increase their
readability
We can use the UML package mechanism to organize
classes into subsystems

Account

Bank

Customer

Any complex system can be decomposed into

subsystems, where each subsystem is modeled as a
package.

39

Object Modeling in Practice

Foo
Amount
CustomerId
Deposit()
Withdraw()
GetBalance()

Class Identification: Name of Class, Attributes and Methods

Is Foo the right name?

40

Object Modeling in Practice: Brainstorming

Foo

Dada
Amount

Amount

CustomerId

CustomerId

Deposit()
Withdraw()
GetBalance()

Deposit()
Withdraw()
GetBalance()

Account
Amount
CustomerId

Is Foo the right name?

Deposit()
Withdraw()
GetBalance()

41

Object Modeling in Practice: More

classes
Account
Bank
Name

Amount
AccountId
CustomerId
Deposit()
Withdraw()
GetBalance()

Customer
Name
CustomerId

1) Find New Classes

2) Review Names, Attributes and Methods
42

Object Modeling in Practice:

Associations
Account

?
Bank
Name

has

Amount
AccountId

Deposit()
Withdraw()
GetBalance()

Customer
owns

Name
CustomerId

1) Find New Classes

2) Review Names, Attributes and Methods

3) Find Associations between Classes
4) Label the generic assocations
5) Determine the multiplicity of the assocations
6) Review associations

43

Practice Object Modeling: Find

Taxonomies
Account

Bank

Name

Amount
AccountId

Customer
Has

Name

Deposit()
Withdraw()
GetBalance()

Savings
Account

Withdraw()

CustomerId()

Checking
Account

Mortgage
Account

Withdraw()

Withdraw()
44

Practice Object Modeling: Simplify,

Organize
Account

Savings
Account

Withdraw()

Amount
AccountId

Show
Taxonomies

Deposit()
Withdraw()
GetBalance()

separately

Checking
Account

Mortgage
Account

Withdraw()

Withdraw()
45

Practice Object Modeling: Find

Taxonomies
Account

Bank

Name

Amount
AccountId

Customer
Has

Deposit()
Withdraw()
GetBalance()

Savings
Account

Withdraw()

Name

CustomerId()

Checking
Account

Mortgage
Account

Withdraw()

Withdraw()
46

Sequence
Diagrams

Focus on
control flow

Passenger

To refine use case descriptions

to find additional objects
(participating objects)

TicketMachine

selectZone()

insertCoins()

pickupChange()

Used during system design

TicketMachine to refine subsystem interfaces

Instances are
represented
Messages
-> by
zone2price
Operations
on
by sticky
selectZone()rectangles. Actors
participating Objec
insertCoins()
figures
pickupChange()
Lifelines are represented by
pickUpTicket()

pickUpTicket()

Used during analysis

dashed lines
Messages are represented by
arrows
Activations are represented
by narrow rectangles.
47

Sequence Diagrams can also model the

Flow of Data

Passenger

ZoneButton

selectZone()

TarifSchedule

Display

lookupPrice(selection)

price

Dataflow

displayPrice(price)

continued on next slide...

The source of an arrow indicates the activation

which sent the message
Horizontal dashed arrows indicate data flow, for
example return results from a message

Sequence Diagrams: Iteration &

Condition
continued from previous slide...
Passenger

ChangeProcessor

* insertChange(coin)

Iteration

Condition

CoinIdentifier

Display

CoinDrop

lookupCoin(coin)
price
displayPrice(owedAmount)

[owedAmount<0]returnChange(owedAmount)

continued on next slide...

Iteration is denoted by a * preceding the

message name
Condition is denoted by boolean expression
in [ ] before the message name

Creation and destruction

continued from previous slide...

Passenger

ChangeProcessor

Creation of Ticket

createTicket(selection)
Ticket
print()
free()

Destruction of Ticket

Creation is denoted by a message arrow

pointing to the object
Destruction is denoted by an X mark at the end
of the destruction activation
In garbage collection environments, destruction can
be used to denote the end of the useful life of an

Sequence Diagram Properties

UML sequence diagram represent
behavior in terms of interactions
Useful to identify or find missing
objects
Time consuming to build, but worth
the investment
Complement the class diagrams
(which represent structure).
51

Activity Diagrams

An activity diagram is a special case

of a state chart diagram
The states are activities (functions)
An activity diagram is useful to
depict the workflow in a system
Handle
Incident

Document
Incident

Archive
Incident

52

Activity Diagrams allow to model

Decisions
Decision
[lowPriority]
Open
Incident

Allocate
Resources
[fire&highPriority]

[notfire&highPriority]
Notify
FireChief
Notify
PoliceChief

53

Activity Diagrams can model Concurrency

Synchronization of multiple activities

Splitting the flow of control into
multiple threads
Splitting

Open
Incident

Allocate
Resources

Coordinate
Resources

Synchronization
Archive
Incident

Document
Incident

54

Activity Diagrams: Grouping of

Activities
Activities may be grouped into
swimlanes to denote the object or
subsystem that implements the
activities.
Allocate
Resources

Open
Incident

Coordinate
Resources

Dispatcher

Archive
Incident
FieldOfficer

Document
Incident
55

Activity Diagram vs. Statechart

Diagram

Statechart Diagram for Incident

Focus on the set of attributes of a single abstraction (object,
system)
Event causes
state transition
Active

Inactive
Incident
Handled

Closed
Incident
Documented

Archived
Incident
Archived

Activity Diagram for Incident

(Focus on dataflow in a system)
Handle
Incident

Document
Incident

Completion of activity
causes state transition

Archive
Incident

Triggerless
transition
56

UML Summary
UML provides a wide variety of notations for
representing many aspects of software
development
Powerful, but complex

UML is a programming language

Can be misused to generate unreadable models
Can be misunderstood when using too many exotic
features

We concentrated on a few notations:

Functional model: Use case diagram
Object model: class diagram
Dynamic model: sequence diagrams, statechart and
activity diagrams
57

Additional References
Martin Fowler
UML Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Standard Object
Modeling Language, 3rd ed., Addison-Wesley, 2003

Grady Booch,James Rumbaugh,Ivar Jacobson

The Unified Modeling Language User Guide, Addison
Wesley, 2nd edition, 2005

Commercial UML tools

Rational Rose XDE for Java
http://www-306.ibm.com/software/awdtools/developer/java/

Together (Eclipse, MS Visual Studio, JBuilder)

http://www.borland.com/us/products/together/index.html

Open Source UML tools

http://java-source.net/open-source/uml-modeling
ArgoUML,UMLet,Violet,
58