Chapter 9 - Formatted Input/Output

Outline
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Streams
9.3 Formatting Output with printf
9.4 Printing Integers
9.5 Printing Floating-Point Numbers
9.6 Printing Strings and Characters
9.7 Other Conversion Specifiers
9.8 Printing with Field Widths and Precisions
9.9 Using Flags in the printf Format-Control String
9.10 Printing Literals and Escape Sequences
9.11 Formatting Input with scanf

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 9.1 Introduction

• In this chapter
– Presentation of results
– scanf and printf
– Streams (input and output)
• gets, puts, getchar, putchar (in <stdio.h>

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 9.2 Streams
• Streams
– Sequences of characters organized into lines
• Linjustificatione characters, ends with newline character
• ANSI C must support lines of at least 254 characters
– Performs all input and output
– Can often be redirected
• Standard input - keyboard
• Standard output - screen
• Standard error - screen
• More Chapter 11

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 9.3 Formatting Output with printf

• printf
– precise output formatting
• Conversion specifications: flags, field widths, precisions, etc.
– Can perform rounding, aligning columns, right/left justification,
inserting literal characters, exponential format, hexadecimal
format, and fixed width and precision
• Format
printf( format-control-string, other-arguments );
– format control string: describes output format
– other-arguments: correspond to each conversion specification in
format-control-string
• each specification begins with a percent sign, ends with conversion
specifier

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 9.4 Printing Integers

• Integer
– Whole number (no decimal point): 25, 0, -9
– Positive, negative, or zero
– Only minus sign prints by default (later we shall change this)

C o nve rsio n Sp e c ifie r De sc rip tio n

d Display a signed decimal integer.

i Display a signed decimal integer. (Note: The i and d specifiers are
different when used with scanf.)
o Display an unsigned octal integer.
u Display an unsigned decimal integer.
x or X Display an unsigned hexadecimal integer. X causes the digits 0-9 and
the letters A-F to be displayed and x causes the digits 0-9 and a-f to
be displayed.
h or l (letter l) Place before any integer conversion specifier to indicate that a short
or long integer is displayed respectively. Letters h and l are more
precisely called length modifiers.

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 /* Fig 9.2: fig09_02.c */
2 /* Using the integer conversion specifiers */ Outline
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 { 1. Print
7 printf( "%d\n", 455 );
8 printf( "%i\n", 455 ); /* i same as d in printf */
9 printf( "%d\n", +455 );
10 printf( "%d\n", -455 );
11 printf( "%hd\n", 32000 );
12 printf( "%ld\n", 2000000000 );
13 printf( "%o\n", 455 );
14 printf( "%u\n", 455 );
15 printf( "%u\n", -455 );
16 printf( "%x\n", 455 );
17 printf( "%X\n", 455 );
18
19 return 0;
20 }

455
455 Program Output
455
-455
32000
2000000000
707
455
65081
1c7
1C7 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
 9.5 Printing Floating-Point Numbers
• Floating Point Numbers
– Have a decimal point (33.5)
– Exponential notation (computer's version of scientific notation)
• 150.3 is 1.503 x 10² in scientific
• 150.3 is 1.503E+02 in exponential (E stands for exponent)
• use e or E
– f - print floating point with at least one digit to left of decimal
– g (or G) - prints in f or e(E) with no trailing zeros (1.2300
becomes 1.23)
• Use exponential if exponent less than -4, or greater than or equal to
precision (6 digits by default)

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 1 /* Fig 9.4: fig09_04.c */
2 /* Printing floating-point numbers with Outline
3 floating-point conversion specifiers */
4
5 #include <stdio.h>
1. Print
6
7 int main()
8 {
9 printf( "%e\n", 1234567.89 );
10 printf( "%e\n", +1234567.89 );
11 printf( "%e\n", -1234567.89 );
12 printf( "%E\n", 1234567.89 );
13 printf( "%f\n", 1234567.89 );
14 printf( "%g\n", 1234567.89 );
15 printf( "%G\n", 1234567.89 );
16
17 return 0;
18 }

1.234568e+006 Program Output

1.234568e+006
-1.234568e+006
1.234568E+006
1234567.890000
1.23457e+006
1.23457E+006

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 9.6 Printing Strings and Characters
•c
– Prints char argument
– Cannot be used to print the first character of a string
•s
– Requires a pointer to char as an argument
– Prints characters until NULL ('\0') encountered
– Cannot print a char argument
• Remember
– Single quotes for character constants ('z')
– Double quotes for strings "z" (which actually contains two
characters, 'z' and '\0')

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 /* Fig 9.5: fig09_05c */
2 /* Printing strings and characters */ Outline
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 {
1. Initialize variables
7 char character = 'A';
8 char string[] = "This is a string"; 2. Print
9 const char *stringPtr = "This is also a string";
10
11 printf( "%c\n", character );
12 printf( "%s\n", "This is a string" );
13 printf( "%s\n", string );
14 printf( "%s\n", stringPtr );
15
16 return 0;
17 }

A
This is a string Program Output
This is a string
This is also a string

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 9.7 Other Conversion Specifiers
•p
– Displays pointer value (address)
•n
– Stores number of characters already output by current printf
statement
– Takes a pointer to an integer as an argument
– Nothing printed by a %n specification
– Every printf call returns a value
• Number of characters output
• Negative number if error occurs
•%
– Prints a percent sign
– %%

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 1 /* Fig 9.7: fig09_07.c */
2 /* Using the p, n, and % conversion specifiers */ Outline
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 { 1. Initialize variables
7 int *ptr;
8 int x = 12345, y;
9 2. Print
10 ptr = &x;
11 printf( "The value of ptr is %p\n", ptr );
12 printf( "The address of x is %p\n\n", &x );
13
14 printf( "Total characters printed on this line is:%n", &y );
15 printf( " %d\n\n", y );
16
17 y = printf( "This line has 28 characters\n" );
18 printf( "%d characters were printed\n\n", y );
19
20 printf( "Printing a %% in a format control string\n" );
21
22 return 0;
23 }
The value of ptr is 0065FDF0
The address of x is 0065FDF0 Program Output
Total characters printed on this line is: 41

This line has 28 characters

28 characters were printed

Printing a % in a format control string

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
 9.8 Printing with Field Widths and Precisions

• Field width
– Size of field in which data is printed
– If width larger than data, default right justified
• If field width too small, increases to fit data
• Minus sign uses one character position in field
– Integer width inserted between % and conversion specifier
– %4d - field width of 4

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 9.8 Printing with Field Widths and Precisions
(II)
• Precision
– Meaning varies depending on data type
– Integers (default 1) - minimum number of digits to print
• If data too small, prefixed with zeros
– Floating point - number of digits to appear after decimal (e
and f)
• For g - maximum number of significant digits
– Strings - maximum number of characters to be written from
string

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 9.8 Printing with Field Widths and Precisions
(III)
• Format
– Precision: use a dot (.) then precision number after %
%.3f
– Can be combined with field width
%5.3f
– Can use integer expressions to determine field width and
precision
• Use *
• Negative field width - left justified
• Positive field width - right justified
• Precision must be positive

printf( "%*.*f", 7, 2, 98.736 );

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 1 /* Fig 9.9: fig09_09.c */
2 /* Using precision while printing integers, Outline
3 floating-point numbers, and strings */
4 #include <stdio.h>
5
6 int main() 1. Initialize variables
7 {
8 int i = 873;
9 double f = 123.94536; 2. Print
10 char s[] = "Happy Birthday";
11
12 printf( "Using precision for integers\n" );
13 printf( "\t%.4d\n\t%.9d\n\n", i, i );
14 printf( "Using precision for floating-point numbers\n" );
15 printf( "\t%.3f\n\t%.3e\n\t%.3g\n\n", f, f, f );
16 printf( "Using precision for strings\n" );
17 printf( "\t%.11s\n", s );
18
19 return 0;
20 }

Using precision for integers

0873 Program Output
000000873

Using precision for floating-point numbers

123.945
1.239e+02
124

Using precision for strings

Happy Birth

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 9.9 Using Flags in the printf Format-Control
String
• Flags
– Supplement formatting capabilities
– Place flag immediately to the right of percent sign
– Several flags may be combined
Fla g De sc rip tio n

- (minus sign) Left-justify the output within the specified field.

+ (plus sign) Display a plus sign preceding positive values and a minus sign preceding
negative values.
space Print a space before a positive value not printed with the + flag.
# Prefix 0 to the output value when used with the octal conversion specifier o.
Prefix 0x or 0X to the output value when used with the hexadecimal conver-
sion specifiers x or X.
Force a decimal point for a floating-point number printed with e, E, f, g or G
that does not contain a fractional part. (Normally the decimal point is only
printed if a digit follows it.) For g and G specifiers, trailing zeros are not
eliminated.
0 (zero) Pad a field with leading zeros.

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

1 /* Fig 9.11: fig09_11.c */
2 /* Right justifying and left justifying values */ Outline
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main() 1. Print
6 {
7 printf( "%10s%10d%10c%10f\n\n", "hello", 7, 'a', 1.23 );
8 printf( "%-10s%-10d%-10c%-10f\n", "hello", 7, 'a', 1.23 );
9 return 0;
10 }

hello 7 a 1.230000 Program Output

 
hello 7 a 1.230000

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 1 /* Fig 9.14: fig09_14.c */
2 /* Using the # flag with conversion specifiers Outline
3 o, x, X and any floating-point specifier */
4 #include <stdio.h>
5
6 int main() 1. Initialize variables
7 {
8 int c = 1427;
9 double p = 1427.0;
2. Print
10
11 printf( "%#o\n", c );
12 printf( "%#x\n", c );
13 printf( "%#X\n", c );
14 printf( "\n%g\n", p );
15 printf( "%#g\n", p );
16
17 return 0;
18 }

02623 Program Output

0x593
0X593

1427
1427.00

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 9.10 Printing Literals and Escape Sequences

• Printing Literals
– Most characters can be printed
– Certain "problem" characters, such as the quotation
mark "
– Must be represented by escape sequences
• Represented by a backslash \ followed by an escape character

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 9.10 Printing Literals and Escape Sequences (II)

Esc a p e De sc rip tio n

se q u e n c e
\' Output the single quote (') character.
\" Output the double quote (") character.
\? Output the question mark (?) character.
\\ Output the backslash (\) character.
\a Cause an audible (bell) or visual alert.
\b Move the cursor back one position on the current line.
\f Move the cursor to the start of the next logical page.
\n Move the cursor to the beginning of the next line.
\r Move the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
\t Move the cursor to the next horizontal tab position.
\v Move the cursor to the next vertical tab position.

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 9.11 Formatting Input with Scanf
• scanf
– Input formatting
– Capabilities
• Input all types of data
• Input specific characters
• Skip specific characters

• Format
scanf(format-control-string, other-arguments);
– format-control-string - describes formats of inputs
– other-arguments - pointers to variables where input will be stored
– can include field widths to read a specific number of characters
from the stream

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 9.11 Formatting Input with Scanf (II)
C o nve rsio n sp e c ifie r De sc rip tio n

Integers
d Read an optionally signed decimal integer. The corresponding argument is a pointer to integer.
i Read an optionally signed decimal, octal, or hexadecimal integer. The corresponding argument is a pointer to integer.
o Read an octal integer. The corresponding argument is a pointer to unsigned integer.
u Read an unsigned decimal integer. The corresponding argument is a pointer to unsigned integer.
x or X Read a hexadecimal integer. The corresponding argument is a pointer to unsigned integer.
h or l Place before any of the integer conversion specifiers to indicate that a short or long integer is to be input.
Floating-point numbers
e, E, f, g or G Read a floating-point value. The corresponding argument is a pointer to a floating-point variable.
l or L Place before any of the floating-point conversion specifiers to indicate that a double or long double value is to be input.
Characters and strings
c Read a character. The corresponding argument is a pointer to char, no null ('\0') is added.
s Read a string. The corresponding argument is a pointer to an array of type char that is large enough to hold the string and a
terminating null ('\0') character—which is automatically added.
Scan set
[scan characters Scan a string for a set of characters that are stored in an array.
Miscellaneous
p Read an address of the same form produced when an address is output with %p in a printf statement.
n Store the number of characters input so far in this scanf. The corresponding argument is a pointer to integer
% Skip a percent sign (%) in the input.

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 9.11 Formatting Input with Scanf (III)
• Scan sets
– Set of characters enclosed in square brackets []
• Preceded by % sign
– Scans input stream, looking only for characters in scan set
• Whenever a match occurs, stores character in specified array
• Stops scanning once a mismatch is found
– Inverted scan sets
• Use a caret ^: [^aeiou]
• Causes characters not in the scan set to be stored

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 9.11 Formatting Input with Scanf (IV)
• Skipping characters
– Include character to skip in format control
– Or, use * (assignment suppression character)
• Skips any type of character without storing it

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 1 /* Fig 9.20: fig09_20.c */
2 /* Reading characters and strings */ Outline
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 { 1. Initialize variables
7 char x, y[ 9 ];
8
9 printf( "Enter a string: " ); 2. Input
10 scanf( "%c%s", &x, y );
11
12 printf( "The input was:\n" );
3. Print
13 printf( "the character \"%c\" ", x );
14 printf( "and the string \"%s\"\n", y );
15
16 return 0;
17 }

Enter a string: Sunday

The input was: Program Output
the character "S" and the string "unday"

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 1 /* Fig 9.22: fig09_22.c */
2 /* Using an inverted scan set */ Outline
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 { 1. Initialize variable
7 char z[ 9 ] = { '\0' };
8
2. Input
9 printf( "Enter a string: " );
10 scanf( "%[^aeiou]", z );
11 printf( "The input was \"%s\"\n", z ); 3. Print
12
13 return 0;
14 }

Enter a string: String

The input was "Str" Program Output

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

 1 /* Fig 9.24: fig09_24.c */
2 /* Reading and discarding characters from the input stream */ Outline
3 #include <stdio.h>
4
5 int main()
6 { 1. Initialize variables
7 int month1, day1, year1, month2, day2, year2;
8
9 printf( "Enter a date in the form mm-dd-yyyy: " ); 2. Input
10 scanf( "%d%*c%d%*c%d", &month1, &day1, &year1 );
11 printf( "month = %d day = %d year = %d\n\n",
12 month1, day1, year1 ); 3. Print
13 printf( "Enter a date in the form mm/dd/yyyy: " );
14 scanf( "%d%*c%d%*c%d", &month2, &day2, &year2 );
15 printf( "month = %d day = %d year = %d\n",
16 month2, day2, year2 );
17
18 return 0;
19 }
Enter a date in the form mm-dd-yyyy: 11-18-2000
month = 11 day = 18 year = 2000 Program Output
Enter a date in the form mm/dd/yyyy: 11/18/2000
month = 11 day = 18 year = 2000

 2000 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.