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Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, the participants will be able to:
Recognize the concept of Object Oriented Programming (OOP)
Identify the features of Object Oriented Programming & its Advantages
Recall the history of ABAP Object Oriented Programming
Identify the need to learn ABAP Objects
Analyze the basic building blocks of ABAP Objects
Create a local Class with Attributes, Methods, Constructors.

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Features of Procedural Programming Model

Data and Functions are kept separate. Global variables of program contains data,
while subroutine contains functions.
Usually non-encapsulated access to data. (exception: Global data of Function
Group is only accessible by Function Modules within that group).
Program maintenance as well as management becomes difficult as program size
increases.
Very difficult to model real word entity.
Not possible to create several runtime instances easily.
Data
Data

Function
Function

Data

Function

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What is Object Oriented Programming (OOP) ?

The fundamental idea behind Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is to combine
both data and the functions (methods) those operate on that data into a single
unit. Such an unit is called Object.
Possibility of creating several runtime instances is one of the key characteristics
of Object Oriented Programming. This allows you to create a direct abstraction of
a real world object.

Function
Data

Object
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Basic building blocks of OOP

Classes and Objects are the basic building blocks of Object Oriented
Programming. When a real world entity is modeled into OOP world then it is
known as Class, characteristics as attributes and functionality as methods.
Objects are instances of a Class.
Example :
What are the
characteristics of the
box? (Attributes)

Functions of the box? (Methods)

It can store things
It can occupy space

Inside color is blue

(Private)
Outside color is
white (Public)
What is the status of the box ? (Events)
The box is semi open
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Client/Server Relationship & Delegation

Objects behave like Client/Server systems.
When an objects sends a message to another object, telling it to behave in a
particular way, the first object can be seen as a Client and the second as a Server
In OOP services are distributed among objects to avoid redundancy and each
object offers only those services that are within its area of responsibility.
If an object needs any other services, it requests these from other objects. This is
known as principle of delegation.
Sends Message to
Retrieve Details
Data

Function:
GET_DETAILS

Function:
RETRIEVE_D
ETAILS

Object 1
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Fundamentals of ABAP Objects

Data

Object 2
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Features of Object Oriented Programming

Abstraction
Modeling real world entities and processes in a more natural way.

Ecapsulation
Hiding data and its related logic behind well defined interfaces.

Inheritance
Reusing attributes and methods while allowing for specialization.

Polymorphism
Simplifying by hiding varying implementations behind the same interface.

Code Reuse
Same code can be reused multiple times by using inheritance.

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Advantages of Object Oriented Programming

Real world entity can be modeled very well.
Provides advance level of data encapsulation that improves the maintainability
and stability of ABAP programs.
Better programming structure, reduced maintenance effort & less susceptibility to
errors.
Software extension is simpler & more secure.
Stress on data security and access.
Data encapsulation and abstraction.
Once a base class is written and tested, it need not be touched again. Reusing
existing code through Inheritance saves time, money and increase a programs
reliability.

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History of ABAP Object Oriented Programming

Object Oriented Programming (OOP) in general was developed at approximately
the same time as procedural programming models.
In SAP:
SAP Basis Release 4.5 delivered the first version of ABAP Objects.
SAP Basis Release 4.6 delivered complete version of ABAP Objects by introducing
Inheritance.
SAP Web Application Server 6.10/6.20 enhanced ABAP Objects with Friendship and
Object Services.

The object-oriented concept in ABAP is same as other modern object-oriented

languages such as C++ or Java.

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ABAP as Hybrid Language

The ABAP runtime
support for both the
procedural and ABAP
Objects programming
models

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ABAP as Hybrid Language (Contd.)

ABAP Objects is not a new language, but a systematic extension of ABAP.
Type checks in ABAP Object context is stricter.
Cleaner Syntax: Obsolete statements lead to syntax errors.
ABAP object statements can be used in procedural ABAP programs.
Object (Classes) can also contain procedural ABAP statements.
Although a pure OO world is technically possible, most real-world
implementations use a mixture of procedural ABAP and ABAP Objects.

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Why do we need to learn ABAP Objects ?

To understand the recent concepts of ABAP e.g. BAPI, BAdi, Workflow.
ABAP Objects is the only way you can use new ABAP technology. For example all
new GUI concepts, such as the SAP Control Framework (CFW) and Business
Server Pages (BSP), are encapsulated in ABAP Objects classes.
For interfacing ABAP with Microsoft technologies or Java as all these are built on
the OOP concept.
To take advantage of cleaner syntax and semantic rules.
To exploit the object resource that has been provided by SAP.

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Classes ( Global + Local )

A class is a template/blueprint based on which all objects of the class are created. Class does
not occupies any memory space during program execution only the instance of an class (objects)
occupies memory space.
In ABAP, classes can be of two types:
Global Class (Created using class builder (SE24) and stored in class repository as Class pool)
Local Class (Created in any ABAP program in global declarations section and only accessible to the
programs within the main program.)

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Global vs. Local

Classes

Global Classes

Local Classes

Accessed from ?

Any Program

Only with in the Program where

it is defined

Where store ?

In the class repository

Locally in the program where it

is defined

Tools required to
create ?

Class builder (SE24)

With ABAP editor (SE38)

Namespace ?

Must begin with Y or Z

Any

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Declaring a Class: Local

A class declaration has two parts.
Definition
Implementation
CLASS test DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
{ Attributes, Methods, Events }
PROTECTED SECTION.
{ Attributes, Methods, Events }
PRIVATE SECTION.
{ Attributes, Methods, Events }
ENDCLASS.
CLASS test IMPLEMENTATION.
<class body>
{Method implementation is done here}
ENDCLASS.
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Fundamentals of ABAP Objects

Classes are template for Objects.

This example declares and defines a
local class test .
The class DEFINITION belongs in
the global declarations section at the
beginning of the program.
Class definition cannot be nested.
Classes cannot be defined inside
subroutines or function modules.
A class definition declares :
Its components :

Attributes, Methods, Events.

The visibility of its components :

Public, Protected and Private.

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Visibility sections in a Class

All components of a class must belong to a visibility section. Components can
be public, protected or private.
Public components form the external interface of the class they are visible to
all users of the class as well as to methods within the class and to methods of
subclasses.
Protected components form the interface of the class to its subclasses they are
visible to methods of the heirs of the class as well as to methods within the class.
Private components can only be used in the methods of the class itself. Using
private visibility section is known as Encapsulation or Information hiding.

Notes:
There is no default visibility section in a class.
You should not make attributes public unless absolutely necessary.
While defining local Classes in you must follow the syntactical sequence of
PUBLIC, PROTECTED & PRIVATE section.
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Demonstration
The example program will demonstrate that external users cannot access the
protected and private components of a class.

Example Code

During Syntax check of the program, an error will be generated which will prove
that protected and private components of a class cannot be accessed by external
users.
Comment out the last two lines to execute the program successfully.

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Components of Class ( Instance + Static )

Instance components:
DATA
For instance attributes

METHODS
For instance methods

EVENTS
For instance events

Static components:
CLASS-DATA
For static attributes

CLASS-METHODS
For static methods

Instance components exist separately in each

instance (object) of the class.
Static components only exist one per class and
are valid for all instances of the class.
Static attributes of a class are retained
throughout the entire runtime.
Static components are declared with the
CLASS- * keywords.
To access instance components, instance
component selector (->) is used.
To access static components, static component
selector (=>) is used.

CLASS-EVENTS
For static events

CONSTANTS
For constants
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Instance vs. Static components: Elaborated

The class components that share a common memory area for all the class
instance are static components.
The class components that have separate memory area for separate instance are
instance components.
Object 1 of Class

Object 2 of Class

Memory for
Object 1

Memory for
Object 2

Object 1 of Class

Memory for Object 1

and
Object 2

Static

Instance

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Fundamentals of ABAP Objects

Object 2 of Class

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Demonstration
The example program will demonstrate that Static methods of a class can only use
static attributes of that class. It cannot use instance attributes. But, instance
methods can use both.

Example Code

Both the static and instance methods are attempting to display values of the static
and instance attributes: STNUM and INSTNUM .
On syntax check, an error will be generated which will demonstrate that static
method STMETH cannot work with instance attribute, INSTNUM.
Remove the line in bold in the program and compile. It will get successfully
compiled and executed.

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Attributes
CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS: do_something
PRIVATE SECTION.
TYPES:
CONSTANTS:
DATA:
var1 TYPE local_type,
var2 TYPE global_type,
var3 LIKE var1,
var4 TYPE built_in_type VALUE val,
var5 TYPE local_type READ-ONLY,
var6 TYPE REF TO class_name.
ENDCLASS.

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Fundamentals of ABAP Objects

Attributes contains data that can be

stored in the objects of a class.
Attributes can be of 3 types:
elementary, structured or table-type.
In classes you can only use TYPE
addition to refer to data types and use
LIKE reference only for local data
objects.
The READ ONLY addition can be used
for data declared in PUBLIC
SECTION, which means the data can
be read from outside, but can be
changed only by methods of the same
class.

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Methods
CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS: do_something
IMPORTING ...i1 TYPE
EXPORTINGe1 TYPE
RETURNING VALUE (P)
.. R1 TYPE
CHANGING c1 TYPE
EXCEPTIONS en.
PRIVATE SECTION.
DATA:

Standard Methods.
e.g. METHODS meth.

ENDCLASS.

Event handler methods:

CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD do_something.

ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
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Methods are the functionality of a

class , ABAP code is written within a
method to incorporate the
functionality.
Methods are processing blocks with a
parameter interface very similar to
function modules.
Methods are of two types:

Fundamentals of ABAP Objects

METHODS meth FOR EVENT evt

OF class.
This type of methods are written to
trap events.

Methods are called with a CALL

METHOD statement.
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Methods (Contd.)
Methods have a signature. With function modules, you should type each
parameter but are not forced to do so; with methods, you must type each
parameter.
Standard methods are declared, with their parameter interface, in the class
definition part and implemented in the class implementation part.
All input parameters (IMPORTING & CHANGING) can have OPTIONAL or
DEFAULT addition and then these parameters need not be transferred when the
method is called.
If there are more than one OPTIONAL import parameters in a method and no
non-optional import parameters without values, one can type in the clause
PREFERRED PARAMETER after the list of import parameters to specify which of
the optional parameters will get more preference

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Demonstration
This program will demonstrate the use of PREFERRED parameter in methods.

Example Code

This program contains a class C1 containing method METH1 which has two
optional parameters, INPUT1 and INPUT2. Out of them, parameter INPUT2 is
declared as PREFERRED parameter. The method simply displays the value of
two import parameters .
Notice the last line of the program and see the output. The output will establish
that the preferred parameter INPUT2 gets the value passed to the method.

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Objects and Object references

CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
DATA: int TYPE I VALUE 10.
METHODS display_int.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION.
METHOD display_int.
WRITE / int.
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
DATA : oref TYPE REF TO c1.

Objects are real runtime replica of

classes.
Objects can only be created and
addressed using reference variables.
To use objects:
Declare reference variables with type

of the class.
Create objects, assigning their

references. (This is called

Instantiation)
Use the object components.

START-OF-SELECTION.
CREATE OBJECT oref.
WRITE / oref-> int.
CALL METHOD oref-> display_int.
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Hands-on Exercise 1
Objectives:
Creating a Local Class with different components in different visibility sections
Define and implement Methods
Showing how to instantiate the class
Access the instance and static components of the Class.

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Constructors
METHODS constructor
IMPORTING im_par TYPE string.
CREATE OBJECT obj
EXPORTING im_par = val_ex.
Instance
constructor
CLASS-METHOD class_constructor
Static
Constructor

Constructor is a special method that is

called by the runtime system as soon as
the object is created with the CREATE
OBJECT statement.
Useful for:
Initializing data structures or setting
default values to attributes dynamically.
Sending message about object creation.

Each class has one constructor. It is a

predefined with the name
CONSTRUCTOR (or
CLASS_CONSTRUCTOR for static
constructor).

Constructors should be defined in the

public area.
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Constructors (Contd.)
Instance constructor can only have IMPORTING PARAMETERS &
EXCEPTIONS. It has no EXPORTING parameters because its sole purpose is to
initializing the object.
The Static constructor method has no interface parameters.
The Static constructor is called automatically when the class is first accessed:
Creating an instance of the class (CREATE OBJECT)
Accessing a static attribute or Method of the class.
Registering an event handler method for an event in this class.

A static constructor cant be called explicitly

When exception is raised in an instance constructor, instances are not created,
thus no memory space is occupied.
Notes:
There is no Destructor in ABAP Objects. I.e. there is no instance method
automatically called immediately before the object is deleted.
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Hands-on Exercise 2
Objectives:
Create a constructor for a class
Create an object using the constructor

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Some more features of Class

CLASS class_name DEFINITION DEFERRED.
This is used in forward referencing.

CLASS class_name DEFINITION LOAD.

If the first access to a global class in a program is to its static components then explicit
loading of the class definition is necessary. In release 6.40 this statement is not
required.

CLASS class_name DEFINITION CREATE PUBLIC| PROTECTED | PRIVATE.

CREATE PUBLIC addition is provided automatically by compiler if no create
addition is used.
The additions CREATE PROTECTED and CREATE PRIVATE allow you to control
the instantiation of your class.
In DELEGATION, two objects are involved in handling a request: the recipient of
the request delegates the execution of the request to a delegate.

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Demonstration
This program will demonstrate how one can refer to a class without defining the
class before that point. But, the class has to be defined later on.

Example Code

In this program , class C1 has an interface reference O2 declared with reference

to class C2. But, before that, class C2 is not defined. It is defined later with a
single public attribute, NUM. This demonstrates the theme.

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Self- Reference
CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
If an objects internally needs to
PUBLIC SECTION.
provide its own reference, it can use
DATA: int TYPE I VALUE 10.
the local reference variable ME.
METHODS display_int.
ME is predefined and always
ENDCLASS.
contains a reference to the address
CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION.
of its own object.
METHOD display_int.
DATA : int TYPE I VALUE 20.
WRITE:/ int,
Local variable of the Method
/ ME->int.
Variable of the Class
ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.
start-of-selection.
DATA : oref TYPE REF TO c1.
CREATE OBJECT oref.
CALL METHOD oref->display_int.
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Fundamentals of ABAP Objects

Notes:
ME is equivalent to THIS pointer
in C++.
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Multiple instantiation
CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.

Programs can instantiate multiple

objects of the same class.

METHODS meth.
ENDCLASS.
CLASS c1 IMPLEMENTATION.

ENDCLASS.
DATA: oref1 TYPE REF TO c1,
oref2 TYPE REF TO c1.
START-OF-SELECTION.
CREATE OBJECT: oref1, oref2.

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Deleting Objects
oref1

DATA: oref1 TYPE REF TO c1,

oref2 TYPE REF TO c2.

oref2

...

oref1

CREATE OBJECT: oref1, oref2.

oref2

9999
8888

9999

Object of C1

8888

Object of C2

9999

Object of C1

8888

Object of C2

9999

Object of C1

8888

Object of C2

9999

Object of C1

8888

Object of C2

oref1

oref1 = oref2.

8888
oref2

8888
oref1

CLEAR oref1.

oref2

8888

oref1

CLEAR oref2.

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Fundamentals of ABAP Objects

oref2

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Calling Methods
CALL METHOD oref->meth
EXPORTING im_par1 = val_ex1. im_par(n)= val_ex(n)
IMPORTING ex_par = val_im
CHANGING ch_par = val_chg
RECEIVING ret_par = val_res...
EXCEPTIONS exception = val_rc
Shorter Syntax available from SAP Web AS 6.10
oref->meth(
EXPORTING im_par1 = val_ex1. im_par(n)= val_ex(n)
IMPORTING ex_par = val_im
CHANGING ch_par = val_chg
RECEIVING ret_par = val_res...
EXCEPTIONS exception = val_rc)

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Functional Methods
METHODS meth
IMPORTING
RETURNING VALUE (r)
CALL METHOD oref->meth
EXPORTING i1 = a1.in = an
RECEIVING r = a.

Conventional
Method call

Method call

Example:
specific to
Functional
var = oref->meth().
method
or
var = oref->meth(a).
or
var = oref->meth( i1 = a1.in = an).

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Fundamentals of ABAP Objects

Instead of CALL METHOD,

functional methods can be
performed in expressions.
A Functional method can have
zero to many IMPORTING
parameters, EXCEPTIONS
and exactly one RETURNING
parameter, that must be
passed by value.
A Functional method can be
instance or static method.
Operands can be replaced by
functional methods

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Demonstration
This program will demonstrate the use of FUNCTIONAL methods.

Example Code

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Hands-on Exercise 3
Objectives:
Define Functional Methods
Call Functional Methods

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Hands-on Exercise 4
Objectives:
Define & call Private Methods.
Use keyword ME
Using Static Constructor
Raising and handling Exceptions for methods.

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Pointer tables
DATA: oref1 TYPE REF TO c1,
oref2 TYPE REF TO c1,
oref3 TYPE REF TO c1.
DATA: oref TYPE REF TO c1,
oref_tab TYPE TABLE OF REF TO c1.
START-OF-SELECTION.

DO 3 TIMES.
CREATE OBJECT oref.
APPEND oref TO oref_tab.
ENDDO.

LOOP AT oref_tab INTO oref.

CALL METHOD oref->meth.
ENDLOOP.
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Fundamentals of ABAP Objects

Pointer tables are used to store

multiple instances/objects of
same class. This method
reduces coding and more
elegant against creating
separate, separate object
reference variables for storing
every objects of the same class.
Reference variables are
handled like any other data
object with an elementary data
type.

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Demonstration
This program will demonstrate the use of POINTER tables.

Example Code

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Dynamic Method calls

CLASS c1 DEFINITION.
PUBLIC SECTION.
METHODS: meth1, meth2.

DATA fld TYPE

Variants:

DATA oref TYPE REF TO c1.

- oref->(method)

- me->(method)

CREATE OBJECT oref.

- class=>(method)

- (class)=>method

Do something to assign meth1

or meth2 to fld at runtime.
fld = METH1 or METH2.
CALL METHOD oref->(fld).

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Instance, self-reference, and static method

can all be called dynamically; the class name
for static methods can also be determined
dynamically:

Fundamentals of ABAP Objects

- (class)=>(method)
A methods parameters can be passed
dynamically using PARAMETER-TABLE
and EXCEPTION-TABLE additions to the
CALL METHOD statement.

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Demonstration
This program will demonstrate Dynamic Method calls.

Example Code

The program contains class C1 with static method (STATM) and instance method
(INSTM). The program utilizes syntaxes to call these static/instance methods
dynamically.

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Demonstration
This program will demonstrate PARAMETER-TABLE & EXCEPTION-TABLE.

Example Code

This demonstrates, dynamic call of the static method gui_download of the global
class cl_gui_frontend_services to store the contents in an internal table in a file
on the presentation server. The names of class and method are specified in the
strings class and meth. The interface parameters are passed in the internal table
ptab and to the execptions of the method return values are assigned using table
etab Exceptions that can occur at the method call itself, are handled in a TRY
control structure with the statement CATCH.

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Summary
Features of Object oriented programming are:
Abstraction
Ecapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Code Reuse

Classes and Objects are the basic building blocks of Object Oriented
Programming
When a real world entity is modeled into OOP world then it is known as Class,
characteristics as attributes and functionality as methods.
Objects is an instance of a Class.
Classes can be of two types:
Global Class (Created using class builder (SE24) and stored in class repository as
Class pool)
Local Class (Created in any ABAP program)

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Questions
What kind of Programming language is ABAP ?
What version of SAP first released ABAP Objects ?
Can class definition be nested ?
Can you define a local class within a subroutine or function module ?
What is the default visibility section in a class ?
Can you call a constructor with the CALL METHOD statement ?
What Interface parameters does a Static Constructor have ?
When is CLASS class_name DEFINITION DEFERRED statement required ?
What parameters does a Functional method have ?
Which transaction we use to maintain global class?
What are the various visibility sections present in a ABAP class?
What is the basic difference between static component and instance component ?

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Questions
Can we access the static component of a class by the object name instead of the
class name?
What are the main advantages of Object Oriented Programming over Procedural
Programming ?

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