Scribd
Upload
33 views

Evolution: TEK 7A and 7B

The document discusses evidence for evolution including fossil records, DNA sequencing, anatomical similarities, embryonic development, and convergent and divergent evolution. It provides examples and explanations for each of these evidences and mechanisms of evolution such as natural selection, adaptation, and speciation.

Uploaded by

Akhil Donapati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
33 views

Evolution: TEK 7A and 7B

The document discusses evidence for evolution including fossil records, DNA sequencing, anatomical similarities, embryonic development, and convergent and divergent evolution. It provides examples and explanations for each of these evidences and mechanisms of evolution such as natural selection, adaptation, and speciation.

Uploaded by

Akhil Donapati
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

Evolution

TEK 7A and 7B

Evolution

Evolution means change over time.


"The theory that all forms of plant and
animal life are descended from earlier
and simpler forms of life whose
existence can be explained without
reference to a Supernatural Creator."

" 2000 Steve Hall


([email protected]).
Quoted by Permission."

5 Evidences of evolution
1.Fossil Records
2.DNA Sequencing
3.Anatomical similarities
a)
b)

Homologous structures
Analogous structures

4.Embryonic development
5.Convergent and divergent

evolution

Evolution through Fossil Records

Fossils were the remains of ancient life, and the


different layers of rock formed at different times
during the earths history.

Darwin proposed that the earth was millions of


years old and later, scientists compared fossils
from older rock layers with fossils from younger
layers. Scientists used these comparisons to
prove that life changed over time.

Prentice Hall Biology: Miller and


Levine

Rebuttal
However,

there are gaps in the fossil


records of many species because some
various intermediate species are not
found.

Rock Layering

Fossil Layers

Evolution through DNA sequencing


DNA sequence:

many major
species have
much of their
DNA
sequence in
common.

Evolution through DNA sequencing


For example: humans and chickens share 40%
of their DNA in common
All organisms (animals, plants, insects, bacteria,
and fungi) use the same DNA nitrogenous bases
and the same base pairing rules, regardless of
size or species. (AGTC)
Scientists believe that species relatedness is
based on the DNA structures found.

Evolution through DNA sequencing


If a scientist uses comparative genomics and
they find similarities in the segments of two
different species, they infer that the species are
conserved (related) in the last common ancestor
In humans and chimps are most closely related
In humans and mice 40% of the sequence aligns
In humans and chickens 2% lines up and that
percentage actually deals with embryonic
development and the alignment of fetuses.

Evolution through DNA sequencing


Chimps

share 99% of their DNA with


humans.

Evolution through DNA sequencing


Even though we are only 1% different in the
sequencing of our DNA, the genes we share are
expressed completely different.
Also, since most of DNA can be called junk
DNA, the sequences used are the most
important thing
For example: why do we share such a large
amount of DNA with chimps yet we can talk,
but they cannot.

Evolution through DNA sequencing


But the big issue is every nucleotide isnt used in
our genes.
We have 3 billion bits of DNA nucleotides written
using ATCG.
In DNA there are introns and exons. Introns are
DNA that are not involved in the coding for
proteins and surprisingly most of an organisms
DNA are introns.

About 95% of the human genome has once been


designated as "junk By Jaan Suurkula M.D.

Evolution through DNA sequencing

DNA files: Beyond Human


http://www.dnafiles.org/programs/beyond-hu
man

Evolution through DNA sequencing


In

conclusion: Scientist believe that an


organisms DNA sequence can be used as
evidence for evolution because:

All organisms use the same bases: ATGC


Organisms share DNA sequencing patterns:
Human vs. Chicken/Mouse/Chimp
Junk DNA: Intron and exon expression
(scientists believe that they might play a role
in evolution)

Evidence of evolution through


anatomical similarities

Anatomical similarities- many organisms have


the same or similar body structures that are
similar only in FUNCTION! For example our
hands as compared to those of a sloth.

Evidence of evolution through


anatomical structures

Homologous

structures- similar
body structures
from organisms
with a common
ancestor.
Structures are
similar in LOOK!
but not
necessarily in
function

Evidence of evolution through


anatomical structures

Analogous structure- body part in different


species that is similar in function but not in
structure that evolved in response to a similar
environmental challenge. These parts came
without coming from a common ancestor.
For example: bats and birds.

Evidence of evolution through


anatomical structures

Vestigial
structuresorgans that
no longer
have use but
resemble
homologous
structures.

Evolution through embryonic


similarities

Embryonic
similaritiesorganisms that
look the same
during the early
stages of
development due
to having a
common ancestor

Convergent Evolution
A phenomenon when two species with differing

ancestries display similar physical features.


Many times these changes are due to
environmental circumstances that require
similar developmental for the purposes of
adaptation

Divergent Evolution

Divergent evolution occurs

when a group from a


specific population
develops into a new
species. In order to adapt
to various environmental
conditions, the two groups
develop into distinct
species due to differences
driven by the
environmental
circumstances

Evolution

Evolution
Speciation-

the evolving of a new species.


Happens through natural selection when
the frequency of alleles changes, forming
a whole new species that cannot
reproduce with the former species.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila

Mechanisms for speciation

Reproductive isolation- when members of two


populations cannot interbreed or their offspring
is infertile.
For example: horses and donkeys, humans and
monkeys

Mechanisms for speciation


Behavioral isolation- when two populations can
breed, but their mating rituals cause them to
either breed at different times, or mate
differently.
For example: some species of fire flies

Mechanisms for speciation

Geographic isolation- two


populations are separated by
geographical barriers such as
rivers, mountains, etc.

Evolution
Natural

Selection- mechanism for


evolution, meaning that the strongest most
fit organisms or structures survive.

Natural Selection through


Adaptation
Adaptation-alteration

of body, behavior or
function of an organism to make an
organism more successful in surviving or
reproducing.

Natural Selection through


Adaptation
Mimicry

of leaves by insects is an
adaptation for evading predators. This
example is a katydid from Costa Rica.

Natural Selection through Diversity

The creosote bush is a desert-dwelling plant that


produces toxins that prevent other plants from
growing nearby, thus reducing competition for
nutrients and water.

Natural Selection Examples

Natural Selection through


Extinction
The

modification of an organism that is


disadvantageous causing the organism to
be susceptible to disease, predators, or
environment.
Examples:
The monk seal
The golden toad
The Tasmanian devil

Natural Selection through


Phylogeny

Natural Selection through Behavior

Evolution
Adaptive

Radiation (Divergent evolution)single species or a small group of species


has evolved through natural selection and
other processes into diverse species that
live in different ways
For example: Darwins 12 finches came
from one ancestor.

Evolution

Convergent Radiation- unrelated organisms come to


resemble one another. From adaptive radiation where
unrelated organisms come from a common ancestor.
For example: SHARK-PENGUIN-DOLPHIN- convergent
species

You might also like