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Lecture3 16.711

This document summarizes the key topics covered in Lecture 3 of the 16.711 Optical Fibers course. It discusses fiber modes in single mode and multi-mode fibers. It also covers fiber losses including material absorption and Rayleigh scattering. Dispersion effects in single mode fibers such as material, waveguide, and polarization mode dispersion are explained. Methods for dispersion management like pre-compensation and dispersion compensation fibers are introduced. Graded index fibers are also briefly described. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like calculating number of fiber modes and dispersion-limited transmission distance.

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Manveen Kaur
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
241 views

Lecture3 16.711

This document summarizes the key topics covered in Lecture 3 of the 16.711 Optical Fibers course. It discusses fiber modes in single mode and multi-mode fibers. It also covers fiber losses including material absorption and Rayleigh scattering. Dispersion effects in single mode fibers such as material, waveguide, and polarization mode dispersion are explained. Methods for dispersion management like pre-compensation and dispersion compensation fibers are introduced. Graded index fibers are also briefly described. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like calculating number of fiber modes and dispersion-limited transmission distance.

Uploaded by

Manveen Kaur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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16.

711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers


Last lecture
Geometric optic view of waveguide, numeric aperture
Symmetric planar dielectric Slab waveguide
Modal and waveguide dispersion in palnar waveguide
Rectangular waveguide, effective index method

16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers


Today
Fiber modes
Fiber Losses
Dispersion in single-mode fibers
Dispersion induced limitations
Dispersion management
The Graded index fibers

16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers


Fiber modes --- single mode and multi-mode fibers
V-number
V

2a 2
2a 2
(n1 n22 )1/ 2 , Vcutoff
(n1 n22 )1/ 2 2.41,

Number of modes when V>>2.41


V2
M
,
2
Normalized propagation constant
b

2
neff
n22

n12 n22

b (1.1428 0.996 / V ) 2 , for V between 1.5 2.5.

Mode field diameter (MFD)


2 w 2a (1

1
),
V

16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers


Examples --- single mode and multi-mode fibers
1. Calculate the number of allowed modes in a multimode step index fiber, a = 100 m, core
index of 1.468 and a cladding index of 1.447 at the wavelength of 850nm.
Solution:

2a 2
V
(n1 n22 )1/ 2 91.44,

V2
M
4181,
2

2. What should be the core radius of a single mode fiber that has the core index of 1.468 and the
cladding index of 1.447 at the wavelength of 1.3m.
Solution:

2a 2
(n1 n22 )1/ 2 2.4, a < 2.1m

3. Calculate the mode field diameter of a single mode fiber that has the core index of 1.458 and
the cladding index of 1.452 at the wavelength of 1.3m.
Solution:

2 w0 2a (1 1 / V ) 10.1m,

16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers


Fiber loss

Material absorption
silica electron resonance <0.4m
OH vibrational resonance ~ 2.73 m
Harmonic and combination tones ~1.39 m
1.24 m, 0.95 m

Rayleigh scattering
Local microscopic fluctuations in density

C
,
4

C~ 0.8dB/km m4

0.14dB loss @ 1.55m

Bending loss and Bending radius


exp( R / Rc ), Rc

a
,
n12 n23

16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers


Dispersions in single mode fiber
Material dispersion
d
L
vg
| 0 , g ,
d
vg

d 2n
Dm ( 2 ),
c d

d
d 2n
( ) ( 2 ) ,
L
d
c d

g Dm L ,

Example --- material dispersion


Calculate the material dispersion effect for LED with line width of 100nm and a laser with a line
width of 2nm for a fiber with dispersion coefficient of Dm = 22pskm-1nm-1 at 1310nm.
Solution:

Dm L 2.2ns, for the LED


Dm L 44 ps,

for the Laser

16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers


Dispersions in single mode fiber
Waveguide dispersion
d
L
vg
| 0 , g ,
d
vg

d
n2 (n1 n2 ) d 2 (Vb)
( )
V
,
2
L
d
c
dV

1.984 N g 2
d
n2 (n1 n2 ) d 2 (Vb)
( )
, Dw
V
,
L
d
(2a) 2 2cn22
c
dV 2

g Dm L ,

Example --- waveguide dispersion


n2 = 1.48, and delta n = 0.2 percent. Calculate Dw at 1310nm.
Solution:

b (1.1428 0.996 / V ) 2 , for V between 1.5 2.5.


d 2 (Vb)
V
0.26,
dV 2

n2 (n1 n2 ) d 2 (Vb)
Dw
V
1.9 ps /( nm km),
c
dV 2

16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers


chromatic dispersion (material plus waveduide dispersion)
g
L

( Dm Dw ) ,

material dispersion is determined by


the material composition of a fiber.
waveguide dispersion is determined
by the waveguide index profile of a
fiber

16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers


Polarization mode dispersion
g

D p ,

L
fiber is not perfectly symmetric,
inhomogeneous.
refractive index is not isotropic.

dispersion flattened fibers:


Use waveguide geometry and
index profiles to compensate
the material dispersion

16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers


Dispersion induced limitations

For RZ bit With no intersymbol interference


B

1
,
2 1/ 2

For NRZ bit With no intersymbol interference


1
B
,
1/ 2

16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers


Dispersion induced limitations
Optical and Electrical Bandwidth

1
,
2 1/ 2

f 3dB 0.7 B,

Bandwidth length product


BL

0.25
,
D

16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers


Dispersion induced limitations
Example --- bit rate and bandwidth
Calculate the bandwidth and length product for an optical fiber with chromatic dispersion
coefficient 8pskm-1nm-1 and optical bandwidth for 10km of this kind of fiber and linewidth of
2nm.
Solution:

1/ 2 / L D 16 pskm 1 ,

BL

0.25
36.9Gbs 1km,
D

f 3dB 0.7 B 2.8GHz,

Fiber limiting factor absorption or dispersion?


Loss 0.25dB 10km 2.5dB,

16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers


Dispersion Management
Pre compensation schemes
1.

Prechirp

Gaussian Pulse:
1 t
A(0, t ) A0 exp[ ( ) 2 ],
2 T0

2T02
~
2 1/ 2
A(0, ) A0 (2T0 ) exp(
),
2

dk
1 d 2k
k ( ) k 0
| ( 0 )
| ...,
d 0
2 d 2 0
k ( )
d
d 2
1
( )
0
| 0 ( 0 )
|
...

2 ( ) 2 ...,
0
1
2 0
c
d
d
2

i
~
~
A( z , ) A(0, ) exp( 2 z ),
2
A0
1 ~
i
1
A( z , t )
A
(
0
,

)
exp(

)
d

exp[

],
0
2
2
2
2
2
T
Q
(
z
)
Q( z )
0

Q( z ) 1

i 2 z
2 z 2 1/ 2
,
T
(
z
)

[
1

(
) ] T0 ,
T02
T02

1
,
T0

16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers


Dispersion Management
Pre compensation schemes
1.

Prechirp

Prechirped Gaussian Pulse:


2T02 1/ 2
2T02
~
A(0, ) A0 (
) exp(
),
1 iC
2(1 iC )

A(0, t ) A0 exp[

(1 iC ) t 2
( ) ],
2
T0

2
i
2T02 1/ 2
2T02
~
~
2
2 iCT0 2
A( z , ) A(0, ) exp( 2 z ) A0 (
) exp[

],
2
1 iC
2(1 C 2 )
(1 C 2 )
1
0 (1 C 2 )1/ 2 ,
T0

A( z , t )

1
2

Q( z ) 1

A0
i
1
~
A
(
0
,

)
exp(

)
d

exp[

],
0
2
2

2
2
T
Q
(
z
)
Q( z )
0

(C i ) 2 z
C 2 z 2 2 z 2 1 / 2
,
T
(
z
)

[(
1

) ( 2 ) ] T0 ,
2
2
T0
T0
T0

16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers


Dispersion Management
1.

Prechirp

With T1/T0 = sqrt(2), the transmission distance is:

C 1 2C 2
L
LD ,
1 C 2

LD T02 / 2 ,

16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers


Dispersion Management
Examples:
1. Whats the dispersion limited transmission distance for a 1.55m light wave system making
use of direct modulation at 10Gb/s? D = 17ps(km-nm). Assume that frequency chirping broadens
the guassian-shape by a factor of 6 from its transform limited width.
Solution:

1
5 10 11 ( s ), T0 TFWHM / 1.66 3 10 11 s,
2B
1
0 (1 C 2 )1/ 2 , C 5.9,
T0
2
2c
D 2 2 , 2 24 ps / km,

TFWHM

T ( z ) [(1
z 12km,

C 2 z 2 2 z 2 1 / 2
) ( 2 ) ] T0 T0 ,
2
T0
T0

16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers


Dispersion compensation fiber or dispersion shifted fiber

Why dispersion compensation fiber:


for long haul fiber optic communication.
Alloptical solution

D1 L1 D2 L2 0

Approaches
d 2n
Dm ( 2 ),
c d
longer wavelength has
a larger index.
make the waveguide
weakly guided so that
longer wavelength has a
lower index.

16.711 Lecture 3 Optical fibers


The Graded index fibers
n1[1 ( / a ) ];

n( )

d 2 1 dn

,
2
dz
n d

D1 L1 D2 L2 0

n1(1 ) n2 ;

a,
a,

0 cos( pz ) 0 ' sin( pz ),

Approaches

p (2 / a 2 )1/ 2 , z 2 / p,

Only valid for paraxial approximation


General case Intermode dispersion

n1
2 ,
20 3c

Calculate the BL product of a grade index filber of 50m core with refractive index of n1 =
1.480 and n2 = 1.460. At 1.3 m.
Solution:

n1
2 0.026ns,
20 3c

BL

0.25L
9.6Gbs 1km,

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