2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 8:
Arrays and the ArrayList Class
Starting Out with Java:
From Control Structures through Data Structures
Second Edition
by Tony Gaddis and Godfrey Muganda

Chapter Topics
Chapter 8 discusses the following main topics:

Introduction to Arrays
Processing Array Contents
Passing Arrays as Arguments to Methods
Some Useful Array Algorithms and Operations
Returning Arrays from Methods
String Arrays
Arrays of Objects

2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

8-2

Chapter Topics
Chapter 8 discusses the following main topics:

The Sequential Search Algorithm

Two-Dimensional Arrays
Arrays with Three or More Dimensions
Command-Line Arguments
The ArrayList Class

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8-3

Introduction to Arrays
Primitive variables are designed to hold only
one value at a time.
Arrays allow us to create a collection of like
values that are indexed.
An array can store any type of data but only
one type of data at a time.
An array is a list of data elements.

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8-4

Creating Arrays
An array is an object so it needs an object reference.
// Declare a reference to an array that will hold integers.

int[] numbers;

The next step creates the array and assigns its address to the
numbers variable.
// Create a new array that will hold 6 integers.
numbers = new int[6];
0

index 0

index 1

index 2

index 3

index 4

index 5

Array element values are initialized to 0.

Array indexes always start at 0.
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8-5

Creating Arrays
It is possible to declare an array reference and create it
in the same statement.
int[] numbers = new int[6];

Arrays may be of any type.

float[] temperatures = new float[100];
char[] letters = new char[41];
long[] units = new long[50];
double[] sizes = new double[1200];
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8-6

Creating Arrays
The array size must be a non-negative number.
It may be a literal value, a constant, or variable.
final int ARRAY_SIZE = 6;
int[] numbers = new int[ARRAY_SIZE];

Once created, an array size is fixed and cannot be

changed.

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8-7

Accessing the Elements of an Array

20

numbers[0]

numbers[1]

numbers[2]

numbers[3]

numbers[4]

numbers[5]

An array is accessed by:

the reference name
a subscript that identifies which element in the array to
access.
numbers[0] = 20; //pronounced "numbers sub zero"

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8-8

Inputting and Outputting

Array Elements
Array elements can be treated as any other variable.
They are simply accessed by the same name and a
subscript.
See example: ArrayDemo1.java
Array subscripts can be accessed using variables (such
as for loop counters).
See example: ArrayDemo2.java

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8-9

Bounds Checking
Array indexes always start at zero and continue to
(array length - 1).
int values = new int[10];

This array would have indexes 0 through 9.

See example: InvalidSubscript.java
In for loops, it is typical to use i, j, and k as counting
variables.
It might help to think of i as representing the word index.

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8-10

Off-by-One Errors
It is very easy to be off-by-one when accessing arrays.
// This code has an off-by-one error.
int[] numbers = new int[100];
for (int i = 1; i <= 100; i++)
numbers[i] = 99;
Here, the equal sign allows the loop to continue on to index
100, where 99 is the last index in the array.
This code would throw an
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.

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8-11

Array Initialization
When relatively few items need to be initialized, an
initialization list can be used to initialize the array.
int[]days = {31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31};

The numbers in the list are stored in the array in order:

days[0] is assigned 31,

days[1] is assigned 28,
days[2] is assigned 31,
days[3] is assigned 30,

etc.

See example: ArrayInitialization.java

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8-12

Alternate Array Declaration

Previously we showed arrays being declared:
int[] numbers;

However, the brackets can also go here:

int numbers[];

These are equivalent but the first style is typical.

Multiple arrays can be declared on the same line.

int[] numbers, codes, scores;

With the alternate notation each variable must have brackets.

int numbers[], codes[], scores;

The scores variable in this instance is simply an int variable.

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8-13

Processing Array Contents

Processing data in an array is the same as any other variable.
grossPay = hours[3] * payRate;
Pre and post increment works the same:
int[] score = {7, 8, 9, 10, 11};
++score[2]; // Pre-increment operation
score[4]++; // Post-increment operation

See example: PayArray.java

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8-14

Processing Array Contents

Array elements can be used in relational operations:
if(cost[20] < cost[0])
{
//statements
}
They can be used as loop conditions:
while(value[count] != 0)
{
//statements
}
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8-15

Array Length
Arrays are objects and provide a public field named length
that is a constant that can be tested.
double[] temperatures = new double[25];
The length of this array is 25.

The length of an array can be obtained via its length constant.

int size = temperatures.length;
The variable size will contain 25.
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8-16

The Enhanced for Loop

Simplified array processing (read only)
Always goes through all elements
General format:
for(datatype elementVariable : array)
statement;

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8-17

The Enhanced for Loop

Example:
int[] numbers = {3, 6, 9};
For(int val : numbers)
{
System.out.println("The next value is " +
val);
}

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8-18

Array Size
The length constant can be used in a loop
to provide automatic bounding.
Index subscripts start at 0 and end at one less than the
array length.
for(int i = 0; i < temperatures.length; i++)
{
System.out.println("Temperature " + i ": "
+ temperatures[i]);
}

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8-19

Array Size
You can let the user specify the size of an array:
int numTests;
int[] tests;
Scanner keyboard = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("How many tests do you have? ");
numTests = keyboard.nextInt();
tests = new int[numTests];

See example: DisplayTestScores.java

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8-20

Reassigning Array References

An array reference can be assigned to another array of
the same type.
// Create an array referenced by the numbers variable.
int[] numbers = new int[10];
// Reassign numbers to a new array.
numbers = new int[5];

If the first (10 element) array no longer has a reference

to it, it will be garbage collected.

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8-21

Reassigning Array References

int[] numbers = new int[10];

The numbers variable

holds the address of an
int array.

Address

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8-22

Reassigning Array References

The numbers variable

holds the address of an
int array.

Address

This array gets marked for

garbage collection
numbers = new int[5];

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8-23

Copying Arrays
This is not the way to copy an array.
int[] array1 = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 };
int[] array2 = array1; // This does not copy array1.

2
array1 holds an
address to the array

Address

array2 holds an
address to the array

Address

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8 10

Example:
SameArray.java

8-24

Copying Arrays
You cannot copy an array by merely assigning one
reference variable to another.
You need to copy the individual elements of one array to
another.
int[] firstArray = {5, 10, 15, 20, 25 };
int[] secondArray = new int[5];
for (int i = 0; i < firstArray.length; i++)
secondArray[i] = firstArray[i];

This code copies each element of firstArray to the

corresponding element of secondArray.

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8-25

Passing Array Elements to a Method

When a single element of an array is passed to a
method it is handled like any other variable.
See example: PassElements.java
More often you will want to write methods to process
array data by passing the entire array, not just one
element at a time.

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8-26

Passing Arrays as Arguments

Arrays are objects.
Their references can be passed to methods like any
other object reference variable.
showArray(numbers);

Address

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Example: PassArray.java

public static void showArray(int[] array)

{
for (int i = 0; i < array.length; i++)
System.out.print(array[i] + " ");
}
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8-27

Comparing Arrays
The == operator determines only whether array
references point to the same array object.
int[] firstArray = { 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 };
int[] secondArray = { 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 };
if (firstArray == secondArray) // This is a mistake.
System.out.println("The arrays are the same.");
else
System.out.println("The arrays are not the same.");

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8-28

Comparing Arrays: Example

int[] firstArray = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 };
int[] secondArray = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 };
boolean arraysEqual = true;
int i = 0;
// First determine whether the arrays are the same size.
if (firstArray.length != secondArray.length)
arraysEqual = false;

// Next determine whether the elements contain the same data.

while (arraysEqual && i < firstArray.length)
{
if (firstArray[i] != secondArray[i])
arraysEqual = false;
i++;
}
if (arraysEqual)
System.out.println("The arrays are equal.");
else
System.out.println("The arrays are not equal.");
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8-29

Useful Array Operations

Finding the Highest Value
int [] numbers = new int[50];
int highest = numbers[0];
for (int i = 1; i < numbers.length; i++)
{
if (numbers[i] > highest)
highest = numbers[i];
}

Finding the Lowest Value

int lowest = numbers[0];
for (int i = 1; i < numbers.length; i++)
{
if (numbers[i] < lowest)
lowest = numbers[i];
}

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8-30

Useful Array Operations

Summing Array Elements:
int total = 0; // Initialize accumulator
for (int i = 0; i < units.length; i++)
total += units[i];

Averaging Array Elements:

double total = 0; // Initialize accumulator
double average; // Will hold the average
for (int i = 0; i < scores.length; i++)
total += scores[i];
average = total / scores.length;

Example: SalesData.java, Sales.java

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8-31

Partially Filled Arrays

Typically, if the amount of data that an array must hold is unknown:
size the array to the largest expected number of elements.
use a counting variable to keep track of how much valid data is in the
array.

int[] array = new int[100];

int count = 0;

System.out.print("Enter a number or -1 to quit: ");

number = keyboard.nextInt();
while (number != -1 && count <= 99)
{
array[count] = number;
count++;
System.out.print("Enter a number or -1 to quit: ");
number = keyboard.nextInt();
input, number and keyboard were
}
previously declared and keyboard

references a Scanner object

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8-32

Arrays and Files

Saving the contents of an array to a file:
int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50};
PrintWriter outputFile =
new PrintWriter ("Values.txt");
for (int i = 0; i < numbers.length; i++)
outputFile.println(numbers[i]);
outputFile.close();

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8-33

Arrays and Files

Reading the contents of a file into an array:
final int SIZE = 5; // Assuming we know the size.
int[] numbers = new int[SIZE];
int i = 0;
File file = new File ("Values.txt");
Scanner inputFile = new Scanner(file);
while (inputFile.hasNext() && i < numbers.length)
{
numbers[i] = inputFile.nextInt();
i++;
}
inputFile.close();

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8-34

Returning an Array Reference

A method can return a reference to an array.
The return type of the method must be declared as an array of
the right type.
public static double[] getArray()
{
double[] array = { 1.2, 2.3, 4.5, 6.7, 8.9 };
return array;
}

The getArray method is a public static method that returns an

array of doubles.
See example: ReturnArray.java
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8-35

String Arrays
Arrays are not limited to primitive data.
An array of String objects can be created:
String[] names = { "Bill", "Susan", "Steven", "Jean" };

The names variable holds

the address to the array.

A String array is an array

of references to String objects.

Address
names[0]

address

Bill

names[1]

address

Susan

names[2]

address

Steven

names[3]

address

Jean

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Example:
MonthDays.java

8-36

String Arrays
If an initialization list is not provided, the new keyword must be
used to create the array:
String[] names = new String[4];
The names variable holds
the address to the array.
Address
names[0]

null

names[1]

null

names[2]

null

names[3]

null

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8-37

String Arrays
When an array is created in this manner, each element of the
array must be initialized.
names[0]
names[1]
names[2]
names[3]

The names variable holds

the address to the array.

=
=
=
=

"Bill";
"Susan";
"Steven";
"Jean";

Address
names[0]

null

Bill

names[1]

null

Susan

names[2]

null

Steven

names[3]

null

Jean

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8-38

Calling String Methods On Array

Elements
String objects have several methods, including:

toUpperCase
compareTo
equals
charAt

Each element of a String array is a String object.

Methods can be used by using the array name and index as
before.
System.out.println(names[0].toUpperCase());
char letter = names[3].charAt(0);

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8-39

The length Field & The length Method

Arrays have a final field named length.
String objects have a method named length.
To display the length of each string held in a String array:
for (int i = 0; i < names.length; i++)
System.out.println(names[i].length());

An arrays length is a field

You do not write a set of parentheses after its name.

A Strings length is a method

You do write the parentheses after the name of the String classs
length method.

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8-40

Arrays of Objects
Because Strings are objects, we know that arrays can contain
objects.
BankAccount[] accounts = new BankAccount[5];
The accounts variable holds the address
of an BankAccount array.
Address
accounts[0]

null

accounts[1]

null

accounts[2]

null

accounts[3]

null

accounts[4]

null

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The array is an
array of references
to BankAccount
objects.

8-41

Arrays of Objects
Each element needs to be initialized.
for (int i = 0; i < accounts.length; i++)
accounts[i] = new BankAccount();

See example: ObjectArray.java

The accounts variable holds the address
of an BankAccount array.

balance:

0.0

Address

balance:

0.0

balance:

0.0

balance:

0.0

balance:

0.0

accounts[0] Address
accounts[1] Address
accounts[2] Address
accounts[3] Address
accounts[4] Address
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8-42

The Sequential Search Algorithm

A search algorithm is a method of locating a specific
item in a larger collection of data.
The sequential search algorithm uses a loop to:
sequentially step through an array,
compare each element with the search value, and
stop when
the value is found or
the end of the array is encountered.

See example: SearchArray.java

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8-43

Two-Dimensional Arrays
A two-dimensional array is an array of arrays.
It can be thought of as having rows and columns.

column 0

column 1

column 2

column 3

row 0
row 1
row 2
row 3

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8-44

Two-Dimensional Arrays
Declaring a two-dimensional array requires two sets of brackets
and two size declarators
The first one is for the number of rows
The second one is for the number of columns.
double[][] scores = new double[3][4];

two dimensional array

rows

columns

The two sets of brackets in the data type indicate that the scores
variable will reference a two-dimensional array.
Notice that each size declarator is enclosed in its own set of
brackets.
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8-45

Accessing Two-Dimensional Array

Elements
When processing the data in a two-dimensional array,
each element has two subscripts:
one for its row and
another for its column.

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8-46

Accessing Two-Dimensional Array

Elements

The scores variable

holds the address of a
2D array of doubles.
column 0

Address

column 1

column 2

column 3

row 0

scores[0][0] scores[0][1] scores[0][2] scores[0][3]

row 1

scores[1][0] scores[1][1] scores[1][2] scores[1][3]

row 2

scores[2][0] scores[2][1] scores[2][2] scores[2][3]

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8-47

Accessing Two-Dimensional Array

Elements

The scores variable

holds the address of a
2D array of doubles.

Accessing one of the elements in a twodimensional array requires the use of both
subscripts.
scores[2][1] = 95;

column 0

column 1

column 2

column 3

row 0

row 1

row 2

95

Address

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8-48

Accessing Two-Dimensional Array

Elements
Programs that process two-dimensional arrays can do
so with nested loops.
To fill the scores array:
Number of rows, not the
largest subscript

for (int row = 0; row < 3; row++)

Number of
{
columns, not the
for (int col = 0; col < 4; col++) largest subscript
{
System.out.print("Enter a score: ");
scores[row][col] = keyboard.nextDouble();
}
keyboard references a
}
Scanner object

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8-49

Accessing Two-Dimensional Array

Elements
To print out the scores array:
for (int row = 0; row < 3; row++)
{
for (int col = 0; col < 4; col++)
{
System.out.println(scores[row][col]);
}
}

See example: CorpSales.java

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8-50

Initializing a Two-Dimensional Array

Initializing a two-dimensional array requires enclosing each
rows initialization list in its own set of braces.
int[][] numbers = { {1, 2, 3}, {4, 5, 6}, {7, 8, 9} };

Java automatically creates the array and fills its elements with
the initialization values.
row 0 {1, 2, 3}
row 1 {4, 5, 6}
row 2 {7, 8, 9}

Declares an array with three rows and three columns.

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8-51

Initializing a Two-Dimensional Array

int[][] numbers = {{1, 2, 3},
{4, 5, 6},
{7, 8, 9}};

The numbers variable

holds the address of a
2D array of int values.

produces:
column 0

column 1

column 2

row 0

row 1

row 2

Address

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8-52

The length Field

Two-dimensional arrays are arrays of one-dimensional
arrays.
The length field of the array gives the number of rows
in the array.
Each row has a length constant tells how many
columns is in that row.
Each row can have a different number of columns.

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8-53

The length Field

To access the length fields of the array:
int[][] numbers = { { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
{ 5, 6, 7 },
{ 9, 10, 11, 12 } };
for (int row = 0; row < numbers.length; row++)
{
for (int col = 0; col < numbers[row].length; col++)
System.out.println(numbers[row][col]);
}

Number of rows

Number of columns in this row.

See example: Lengths.java

The array can have variable length rows.
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8-54

Summing The Elements of a TwoDimensional Array

int[][] numbers = { { 1, 2, 3, 4 },
{5, 6, 7, 8},
{9, 10, 11, 12} };
int total;
total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < numbers.length; row++)
{
for (int col = 0; col < numbers[row].length; col++)
total += numbers[row][col];
}
System.out.println("The total is " + total);

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8-55

Summing The Rows of a TwoDimensional Array

int[][] numbers = {{ 1, 2, 3, 4},
{5, 6, 7, 8},
{9, 10, 11, 12}};
int total;
for (int row = 0; row < numbers.length; row++)
{
total = 0;
for (int col = 0; col < numbers[row].length; col++)
total += numbers[row][col];
System.out.println("Total of row "
+ row + " is " + total);
}
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8-56

Summing The Columns of a TwoDimensional Array

int[][] numbers = {{1, 2, 3, 4},
{5, 6, 7, 8},
{9, 10, 11, 12}};
int total;
for (int col = 0; col < numbers[0].length; col++)
{
total = 0;
for (int row = 0; row < numbers.length; row++)
total += numbers[row][col];
System.out.println("Total of column "
+ col + " is " + total);
}
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8-57

Passing and Returning TwoDimensional Array References

There is no difference between passing a single or
two-dimensional array as an argument to a method.
The method must accept a two-dimensional array
as a parameter.
See example: Pass2Darray.java

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8-58

Ragged Arrays
When the rows of a two-dimensional array are of different
lengths, the array is known as a ragged array.
You can create a ragged array by creating a twodimensional array with a specific number of rows, but no
columns.
int [][] ragged = new int [4][];

Then create the individual rows.

ragged[0]
ragged[1]
ragged[2]
ragged[3]

=
=
=
=

new
new
new
new

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int
int
int
int

[3];
[4];
[5];
[6];

8-59

More Than Two Dimensions

Java does not limit the number of dimensions that an array may
be.
More than three dimensions is hard to visualize, but can be
useful in some programming problems.

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8-60

Command-Line Arguments
A Java program can receive arguments from the operating
system command-line.
The main method has a header that looks like this:
public static void main(String[] args)
The main method receives a String array as a parameter.
The array that is passed into the args parameter comes from
the operating system command-line.

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8-61

Command-Line Arguments
To run the example:
java CommandLine How does this work?
args[0]
args[0]
args[0]
args[0]

is
is
is
is

assigned
assigned
assigned
assigned

"How"
"does"
"this"
"work?"

Example: CommandLine.java
It is not required that the name of mains
parameter array be args.
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8-62

Variable-Length Argument Lists

Special type parameter vararg
Vararg parameters are actually arrays
Examples: VarArgsDemo1.java, VarargsDemo2.java
public static int sum(int... numbers)
{
int total = 0; // Accumulator
// Add all the values in the numbers array.
for (int val : numbers)
total += val;
// Return the total.
return total;
}

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8-63

The ArrayList Class

Similar to an array, an ArrayList allows object storage
Unlike an array, an ArrayList object:
Automatically expands when a new item is added
Automatically shrinks when items are removed

Requires:
import java.util.ArrayList;

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8-64

Creating an ArrayList
ArrayList<String> nameList = new ArrayList<String>();

Notice the word String written inside angled

brackets <>
This specifies that the ArrayList can hold String
objects.

If we try to store any other type of object in this ArrayList,

an error will occur.

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8-65

Using an ArrayList
To populate the ArrayList, use the add method:
nameList.add("James");
nameList.add("Catherine");

To get the current size, call the size method

nameList.size();

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// returns 2

8-66

Using an ArrayList
To access items in an ArrayList, use the get method
nameList.get(1);
In this statement 1 is the index of the item to get.

Example: ArrayListDemo1.java

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8-67

Using an ArrayList
The ArrayList class's toString method returns a string
representing all items in the ArrayList
System.out.println(nameList);

This statement yields :

[ James, Catherine ]

The ArrayList class's remove method removes designated

item from the ArrayList
nameList.remove(1);
This statement removes the second item.

See example: ArrayListDemo3.java

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8-68

Using an ArrayList
The ArrayList class's add method with one argument adds
new items to the end of the ArrayList
To insert items at a location of choice, use the add method with
two arguments:
nameList.add(1, "Mary");
This statement inserts the String "Mary" at index 1

To replace an existing item, use the set method:

nameList.set(1, "Becky");
This statement replaces Mary with Becky

See example: ArrayListDemo5.java

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8-69

Using an ArrayList
An ArrayList has a capacity, which is the number of items
it can hold without increasing its size.
The default capacity of an ArrayList is 10 items.
To designate a different capacity, use a parameterized
constructor:
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<String>(100);

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Using an ArrayList
You can store any type of object in an ArrayList
ArrayList<BankAccount> accountList =
new ArrayList<BankAccount>();

This creates an ArrayList that can hold

BankAccount objects.

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8-71

Using an ArrayList
// Create an ArrayList to hold BankAccount objects.
ArrayList<BankAccount> list = new ArrayList<BankAccount>();
// Add three
list.add(new
list.add(new
list.add(new

BankAccount objects to the ArrayList.

BankAccount(100.0));
BankAccount(500.0));
BankAccount(1500.0));

// Display each item.

for (int index = 0; index < list.size(); index++)
{
BankAccount account = list.get(index);
System.out.println("Account at index " + index +
"\nBalance: " + account.getBalance());
}

See: ArrayListDemo6.java
2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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