Scribd
Upload
32 views

Introduction To Information Technology: Lecture #14

Bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies a signal or channel can carry. Signal bandwidth is the difference between its highest and lowest frequency components. Channel bandwidth is the range of frequencies a transmission medium can support, such as 0-109 Hz for twisted pair. Shannon's theorem states that a channel's information capacity in bits per second is equal to its bandwidth multiplied by the logarithm of one plus the signal-to-noise ratio. Higher bandwidth and better signal-to-noise ratio allow for greater information carrying capacity over a channel.

Uploaded by

Dimas Yoga Apriawan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
32 views

Introduction To Information Technology: Lecture #14

Bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies a signal or channel can carry. Signal bandwidth is the difference between its highest and lowest frequency components. Channel bandwidth is the range of frequencies a transmission medium can support, such as 0-109 Hz for twisted pair. Shannon's theorem states that a channel's information capacity in bits per second is equal to its bandwidth multiplied by the logarithm of one plus the signal-to-noise ratio. Higher bandwidth and better signal-to-noise ratio allow for greater information carrying capacity over a channel.

Uploaded by

Dimas Yoga Apriawan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 8

IT-101

Section 001
This is an addition to lecture 8

Introduction to Information
Technology
Lecture #14

Overview

Bandwidth
Shannons theorem

Bandwidth

In Lecture # 8, we touched upon the concept of bandwidth. In


this lecture, we will understand more deeply what signal
bandwidth is, what the meaning of channel bandwidth to a
communications engineer is, and what the limitations on
information rate are
Signal bandwidth:

We can divide signals into two categories: The pure tone signal (the

sinusoidal wave, consisting of one frequency component), and complex


signals that are composed of several components, or sinusoids of various
frequencies.

T=1x10-3 s

Pure signal

f=1/1x10-3
=1000Hz=1 kHz
t (ms)

The bandwidth of a signal composed of components of various frequencies (complex


signal) is the difference between its highest and lowest frequency components, and is
expressed in Hertz (Hz), the same as frequency
For example, a square wave may be constructed by adding sine waves of various
frequencies:
Pure tone

150 Hz sine wave

Pure tone

450 Hz sine wave

Approaching a 150 Hz
square wave
(ms)

The resulting wave resembles a square wave. If more sine waves of other frequencies
were added, the resulting waveform would more closely resemble a square wave
Since the resulting wave contains 2 frequency components, its bandwidth is around
450-150=300 Hz.

Male voice

Since voice signals are also


composed of several
components (pure tones) of
various frequencies, the
bandwidth of a voice signal is
taken to be the difference
between the highest and lowest
frequencies which are 3000 Hz
and (close to) 0 Hz
Although other frequency
components above 3000 Hz
exist, (they are more prominent
in the male voice), an
acceptable degradation of voice
quality is achieved by
disregarding the higher
frequency components,
accepting the 3kHz bandwidth
as a standard for voice
communications

3000 Hz
frequency
component

Female voice
3000 Hz
frequency
component

channel bandwidth:

Increasing
bandwidth

The bandwidth of a channel (medium) is defined to be the range of


frequencies that the medium can support. Bandwidth is measured
in Hz
With each transmission medium, there is a frequency range of
electromagnetic waves that can be transmitted:

Twisted pair: 0 to 109 Hz (Bandwidth : 109 Hz)


Coax cable: 0 to 1010 Hz (Bandwidth : 1010 Hz)
Optical fiber: 1014 to 1016 Hz (Bandwidth : 1016 -1014 = 9.9x1015 Hz)

Optical fibers have the highest bandwidth (they can support


electromagnetic waves with very high frequencies, such as light
waves)
The bandwidth of the channel dictates the information carrying
capacity of the channel
This is calculated using Shannons channel capacity formula

Shannons Theorem

(Shannons Limit for Information Capacity)

Claude Shannon at Bell Labs figured out how much


information a channel could theoretically carry:

I = B log2 (1 + S/N)

Note that the log

is base 2!

Where I is Information Capacity in bits per second


(bps)
B is the channel bandwidth in Hz
S/N is Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR: unitlessdont
make into decibel:dB)

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

S/N is normally measured in dB, as a relationship


between the signal you want versus the noise that
you dont, but is in the medium
It can be thought of as a fractional relationship (that
is, before you take the logarithm):
1000W of signal power versus 20W of noise power is
either:

1000/20=50 (unitless!)
or: about 17 dB ==> 10 log10 1000/20 = 16.9897 dB

You might also like