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Convolution

Convolution is a mathematical operation that combines two signals to form a third signal. It relates the input, output, and impulse response of a linear system. The impulse response describes how a system responds to a brief input signal called a delta function. The output of a linear system can be calculated by convolving the input signal with the system's impulse response. This means that each output point is the sum of each multiplied input point and impulse response value. Convolution provides a framework for understanding and working with digital signal processing systems.

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178 views

Convolution

Convolution is a mathematical operation that combines two signals to form a third signal. It relates the input, output, and impulse response of a linear system. The impulse response describes how a system responds to a brief input signal called a delta function. The output of a linear system can be calculated by convolving the input signal with the system's impulse response. This means that each output point is the sum of each multiplied input point and impulse response value. Convolution provides a framework for understanding and working with digital signal processing systems.

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Convolution

A mathematical way of combining two signals to form a


third signal. It is the single most important technique in
Digital Signal Processing.
Using the strategy of impulse decomposition, systems are
described by a signal called the impulse response.
Convolution is important because it relates the three
signals of interest: the input signal, the output signal, and
the impulse response.
Two different viewpoints of convolution , called the input
side algorithm and the output side algorithm.
Convolution provides the mathematical framework for DSP;
there is nothing more important in this course

The Delta Function and Impulse Response

The fundamental concept of DSP: the input signal


is decomposed into simple additive components,
each of these components is passed through a
linear system, and the resulting output
components are synthesized (added).
The signal resulting from this divide-and-conquer
procedure is identical to that obtained by directly
passing the original signal through the system
When impulse decomposition is used, the
procedure can be described by a mathematical
operation called convolution

Analog Impulse Response

This "shocks" the system suddenly

This is the response to the shock.

The waveform that results at the output of a device when the input is
excited by a unit impulse.

Two important definitions


The first is the delta function, symbolized by the Greek
letter delta . The delta function is d[n] a normalized
impulse, that is, sample number zero has a value of one,
but all other samples have a value of zero. For this
reason, the delta function is frequently called the unit
impulse.
The second is the impulse response. the impulse
response is the signal that exits a system when a delta
function is the input.
Different systems, have different impulse responses. Just
as the input and output signals are often called and , the
impulse response is usually given the x[n] y[n] symbol, .
Of course, this can be changed if a more descriptive
name is h[n] available, for instance, might be used to
identify the impulse response of f [n] a filter.

The delta function is

d[n]

Any impulse can be represented as a shifted and scaled


delta function.
Consider a signal, composed of all zeros except sample
number 8, a[n] which has a value of -3. This is the same
as a delta function shifted to the right by 8 samples, and
multiplied by -3. In equation form:
a[n] = 3 d[n -8]

Convolution kernel
The impulse response goes by a different name in some
applications. If the system being considered is a filter,
the impulse response is called the filter kernel h[n], the
convolution kernel, or simply, the kernel.

Convolution *

The output signal from a linear system is equal to the input signal convolved
with the system's impulse response.
Convolution is denoted by a star when writing equations.

Convolution example

Joy of Convolution at JHU


Click for Joy of Analog convolution and Joy of Digital
convolution

Convolution Explained

looking at individual
samples on the output
signal, and finding the
contributing points
from the input.
Note how a single point in
the output signal is
influenced by several
points from the input.

Convolution
Calculation of single y from many xs

x[-3], x[-2], and x[-1] do not exit


Use padding of zero values

Continued

Convolution
Calculation of single y from many xs

x[9], x10], and x[11] do not exit


Use padding of zero values

End effects mess in convolution

When an input signal is convolved with an M point impulse response,the first and
last M-1 points in the output signal may not be usable. In this example, the mpulse

response is a high-pass filter removes the DC component from the input signal.
First and last 30 Samples are useless. Since Impulse esponse size is 31.

Convolution Formula

-first, one signal is flipped back to front


-then, one signal is shifted with respect to the other
-the amount of the shift is the position of the convolution function point to be calculated
-each element of one signal is multiplied by the corresponding element of the other
-the sum of these values is the output

Convolution can be viewed as


The Sum of Weighted Inputs
The characteristics of a linear system are completely
described by its impulse response. This is the basis of
the input side algorithm: each point in the input signal
contributes a scaled and shifted version of the impulse
response to the output signal.
The mathematical consequences of this lead to the
output side algorithm: each point in the output signal
receives a contribution from many points in the input
signal, multiplied by a flipped impulse response. While
this is all true, it doesn't provide the full story on why
convolution is important in signal processing.
Each sample in the output signal is equal to a sum of
weighted inputs.

Convolution can be viewed as


The Sum of Weighted Inputs
This makes each sample in the output signal the
average of say ten samples from the input. The moving
average.
Sometimes you will want to think of a system in terms of
what its impulse response looks like. Other times you will
understand the system as a set of weighing coefficients.
You need to know both views.

Some observation on convolution and correlation


Convolution requires a lot of calculations. If one signal is of length M
and the other is of length N, then we need (N * M) multiplications, to
calculate the whole convolution function.
Note that really, we want to multiply and then accumulate the result this is typical of DSP operations and is called a 'multiply/accumulate'
operation. It is the reason that DSP processors can do
multiplications and additions in parallel.
Convolution is used for digital filtering.
The reason convolution is preferred to correlation for filtering has to
do with how the frequency spectra of the two signals interact.
Convolving two signals is equivalent to multiplying the frequency
spectra of the two signals together - which is easily understood, and
is what we mean by filtering. Correlation is equivalent to multiplying
the complex conjugate of the frequency spectrum of one signal by
the frequency spectrum of the other. Complex conjugation is not so
easily understood and so convolution is used for digital filtering.
Convolving by multiplying frequency spectra is called fast
convolution.

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