Computer networks

Computer network
connects two or
more computers.
The computers can
be geographically
located anywhere

Types of Network

LAN (local area network)

MAN (Metropolitan area network)
WAN (Wide area network)
PAN (personal area network)

LAN
Network in small geographical Area
(Room, Building or a Campus) is called
LAN (Local Area Network)
A network of computers located in the
same building or a handful of nearby
buildings
Example:
Computer network of a University campus

MAN
Network in a City is call MAN (Metropolitan
Area Network)
that is connect the LAN within the city.

WAN
A network in which computers are separated by great
distances, typically across cities, countries or even
continents
May consist of several interconnected LANs
Example:

The network connecting the ATM of a bank

located in various cities

Internet

PAN
Home Networks
Connects multiple computers in your home
Share Internet access
Share peripherals
Can be wired or wireless

Internet
Worldwide group of connected networks that allow
public access to information and services.
No single organization owns or controls
Estimated over one billion users
Variety of users

The Benefits of Computer

Networks in Education
Sharing of computer hardware, software,
and data resources
Unlimited educational resources
Communicate with other educators and
students

What Is the Internet?

Worldwide group of connected networks
that allow public access to information and
services
No single organization owns or controls
Estimated over one billion users
Variety of users

What Is the Internet?

The worlds largest network is the Internet, which is a

worldwide collection of networks that link together millions
of businesses, governments, educational institutions, and
individuals.

The Internet
What are some services found on the Internet?
E-mail
Web
File transfer

1.

2.
3.

4.

5.
6.

Chat
Message board
Instant messaging

(1)
(3)

(2)

(4)

(5)

(6)
Next

History of the Internet

How did the Internet originate?
ARPANET

Goal:
To allow scientists
at different
locations to share
information

p. 68

Networking project by
Pentagons Advanced
Research Projects
Agency (ARPA)

Became
functional
September 1969

Next

History of the Internet

Started as a network of four computers at
the University of California at Los Angeles
in 1969
Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA) - ARPANET
More than 200 million computers today
Backbone first provided by National
Science Foundation (NSF) - NSFnet

History of the Internet

History of the Internet

Backbone now provided by variety of
corporations
Various organizations help define
standards
Internet 2.0
Extremely high-speed network
Develop and test latest Internet technologies
Members include over 190 universities in the
United States, along with 60 companies and
the United States government

History of the Internet

How has the Internet grown?
Today
More than 150 million host nodes

1984
More than 1,000 host nodes
1969
Four host nodes

Next

History of the Internet

Who controls the Internet?

No onecit is a public, cooperative, and

independent network
Several organizations set standards

Next

How the Internet Works

How can you connect to the Internet?
Slow-speed
technology
Dial-up access
modem in your
computer uses a
standard telephone line
to connect to the Internet
Connection must be established
each time you log on.
Slow but inexpensive

p. 70

High-speed
connection
Digital subscriber line (DSL),
cable telephone Internet
services (CATV), cable modem
provide connections using
regular copper telephone lines
Connection is always on
whenever the computer
is running

Next

How the Internet Works

Data is divided into packets
Routers send packets across the Internet
Packet switching (breaking info into
individual packets for best route
transmission)
Transmission control protocol/Internet
protocol (TCP/IP) is the communications
protocol used by the Internet

How the Internet Works

How the Internet Works

Internet Service Providers (ISPs), Online Service
Providers (OSPs), and Wireless Internet Service
Providers (WISPs)
Permanently connected to the Internet and provide
connections to individuals and companies for a fee
Regional ISPs provide access in limited
geographical areas, using slow-speed dial-up
Online service providers, such as AOL and MSN
offer members-only services for an added fee
National ISPs provide access in cities and towns,
often through high-speed cable or DSL
Wireless ISPs service mobile computers/devices

How the Internet Works

Connecting to the Internet
Business or school network connected to the
Internet
Dial-up access
ISDN
Cable TV (CATV)
Digital subscriber line (DSL)
Power line communications (PLC)
Public Internet access point

How the Internet Works

How the Internet Works

The Internet Backbone
Acts as a highway
National ISPs use dedicated lines to
connect directly to the Internet
Regional ISPs connect through leased
lines to national ISPs

How the Internet Works

How the Internet Works

Internet Addresses
Numeric addresses
Domain name
Domain type abbreviations
Country code abbreviations

How the Internet Works

The World Wide Web

What is the World Wide Web (WWW)?
A worldwide collection of electronic documents
Also called the Web

Each electronic document is called a Web page

Can contain text, graphics, sound, video, and built-in connections

A Web site is a collection of related Web pages

p. 75

Next

The World Wide Web

Hyperlinks
Uniform Resource
Locator (URL)
Hypertext transfer
protocol (http://)

The World Wide Web

What is a Web browser?

Program that allows you to view Web pages

Microsoft
Internet
Explorer

Netscape

Mozilla

p. 75

Next

The World Wide Web

Web Browser
Software
Mosaic
Netscape Navigator
Microsoft Internet
Explorer
Mozilla Firefox
Micro browsers

The World Wide Web

Searching for
Information on the
Web
Directory maintained
by a search engine
company
Helps to find
information on the
Web
Search engine
Subject directory

The World Wide Web

How can you establish a connection and start the Web
browser?
Step 2.
If necessary,
connect to the
Internet

Step 1.
Click the Web browser
program name

Step 3.
Connection to the
Internet occurs, and a
home page displays

Next

The World Wide Web

What is a home page?
The first page that a Web site presents
Often provides connections to other Web pages

Next

The World Wide Web

How do handheld computers and
cellular telephones access the Web?

Use a micro browser

that displays Web pages

that contain mostly text

Must be Web-enabled

Next

The World Wide Web

What is downloading?

The process of a computer receiving information

Depending upon connection speed, downloading can take
from a few seconds to several minutes

Next

The World Wide Web

What is a
URL?

Unique address for a

Web page
A web server delivers
the Web page to your
computer

Next

The World Wide Web

What is a hyperlink (link)?

Built-in connection to another related

Web page location
Item found elsewhere
on same Web page
Different Web page
at same Web site
Web page at a different
Web site
Next

The World Wide Web

How can you recognize links?

Pointer changes to a small hand

when you point to
a link
A link can be text
or an image
Text links are
usually underlined
and in a different
color

Next

The World Wide Web

What is a search
engine?

Program used to find

Web sites and Web
pages by entering
words or phrases
called search text
Also called a
keyword
Next

The World Wide Web

What is a hit?

Any Web site name that is listed as the result of a search

Step 2.
Select type of
search you want
to run

Step 1. Go to search engine

Step 3. View hits

Step 4.
Click
link to view
Web site

Next

Types of Web sites

Portal
News
Informational
Business/marketing
Educational
Entertainment
Advocacy
Personal

Next

Types of Web sites

Blogs
Books
Wikis
Social networks

The World Wide Web

What is a portal?

A Web site that offers a variety of services from one,

convenient location, usually for free

Searching, sports, e-mail,

news, weather, auctions,
Web communities
(Web sites that join
people with similar
interests)

Next

The World Wide Web

What is a news Web site?

Contains newsworthy material

Stories and articles relating to current events, life,

money, sports, and weather

Next

The World Wide Web

What is an informational Web site?

Contains factual information

Created by organizations and government agencies

Next

The World Wide Web

What is a business/marketing Web site?

Allows you to purchase products or services online

Contains content that promotes products

Next

The World Wide Web

What is an educational Web site?
Offers avenues for formal and informal teaching
and learning

Some companies
offer online training
for employees
Some colleges offer
online classes and
degrees

Next

The World Wide Web

What is an entertainment Web site?

Offers an interactive environment featuring music,

video, sports, games, and more

Next

The World Wide Web

What is an advocacy Web site?

Contains content that describes a cause, opinion,

or idea

Next

The World Wide Web

What is a personal Web site?

Web page maintained by private individual

Reasons: sharing life experience with the world
or job hunting

Next

The World Wide Web

What is a Blog web site?
A blog (a blend of the term web log) are interactive
sites.
Maintained by an individual updated with regular
entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other
material such as graphics or video.
Allows visitors to leave comments and even message
each other
Example:
Twitter

The World Wide Web

What is a Book Web site?
Facilitates you to search for the books
from the internet.
Example:
Cyber libraries

The World Wide Web

What is a Wiki Web site?
Allows users to create, edit, modify or
delete the website content.
Most wikis are open top midification by
general public.
Collects recent edit on web pages so that
one can review them for accuracy.
Example:
Wikipedia

The World Wide Web

What is a social network site?

A social structure made up of individuals which are

connected by one or more specific types of relations,
such as
friendship
kinship
common interest
financial exchange,
relationships of beliefs or knowledge
Example:
Face Book

Other Internet Services

What is e-mail?

Short for electronic mail

The transmission of messages and files via a computer network
Messages can consist of simple text or can contain
attachments, such as documents, graphics, or audio/video
clips
Internet access providers usually provide an e-mail
program
Some Web sitessuch as MSN Hotmail and Yahoo!
provide free e-mail services

Next

Other Internet Services

How do you send an e-mail message?
Step 2.

Step 1.

Click the New Mail Message button

Start an e-mail
program
(Microsoft
Outlook, for
example)

Step 3.
Enter the recipients
e-mail address, the
subject, and the
message

Step 5.
The recipient opens the
message

Step 4.
Click the Insert file button if
you want to attach a picture, for
example, and click Send

Next

Other Internet Services

What is an e-mail address?

Unique name that consists of a user name and domain

name that identifies the user

Next

Other Internet Services

E-mail
Primary communication method for
both personal and business use
One of the original services on the
Internet
Allows one to create, send, receive,
forward, store, print or delete
messages
E-mail programs
Mailbox
Mail server
E-mail address
User name @
Domain name

Other Internet Services

What is FTP?

File Transfer ProtocolInternet standard that allows

you to upload and download files with other
computers on the Internet

Next

Other Internet Services

FTP (file transfer
protocol)
FTP server allows
file downloads &
uploads
FTP site contains
text, graphics,
audio, video &
program files
FTP allows downloading from or
uploading to a server

Other Internet Services

What is a mailing list?

Group of e-mail
addresses given a single
name
When a message is sent
to the mailing list,
everyone on the list
receives the message
To add your name to a mailing
list you must subscribe to it; to
remove your name you must
unsubscribe
Next

Other Internet Services

Newsgroups
Online area in which users conduct written
discussions about a particular subject
Usenet (collection of all Internet newsgroups)
News server (computer storing newsgroup msgs)
Newsreader (program used to access newsgroup)
Article (a previously entered message)
Posting (adding an article to the newsgroup)
Threaded discussion (initial and related articles)
Message board (discussion board; easier to use)
Blog (short for Web log; regularly updated journal)

Other Internet Services

Message Boards (Discussion Boards)

Other Internet Services

Mailing Lists
Group of e-mail names and addresses given a single
name
Subscribe - Adding name to newsgroup/mailing list
Unsubscribe Removing name from the list
LISTSERVs Popular software programs that
manage mailing lists (esp. educational lists)

Newsgroup versus mailing list

Newsgroup uses a newsreader for discussions
Mailing list uses email for discussions

Other Internet Services

What is a chat?

Real-time typed conversation

that takes place on a computer
Chat room is location on
server that permits users
to discuss topics of interest
Some are text only others
support voice and video

Next

Other Internet Services

Chat Rooms
Real-time typed conversation via computers
Chat rooms (the channel or medium)
Chat clients (program used to connect to a
chat server)
Normally included on a browser
Freely downloaded from the Web
Some are text-only; others support voice &
video

Other Internet Services

Instant
Messaging (IM)
Notifies you when
one or more people
are online
Allows exchange of
messages and files
Allows you to join a
private chat room

Other Internet Services

Internet telephony
Also called Voice over IP or VOIP

Estimate of five
million subscribers
by 2007

69

Other Internet Services

Telnet
Content streaming
Shopping on web (E-Commerce)
Distance learning

Netiquette
Internet etiquette
Code of acceptable
behaviors for Internet user
Examples
Avoid flames (abusive or
insulting messages)
Be brief and polite
Watch spelling/grammar
Avoid spam (unsolicited
messages to many)
Avoid sarcastic, offensive
language or humor
Use emoticans to express
emotion :\ :o

71