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Permutations and Combinations

This document defines and provides examples of permutations and combinations. Permutations refer to different arrangements of objects taken from a set, while combinations refer to different selections or groups of objects taken from a set. The key formulas and notations for calculating permutations and combinations are presented. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating the number of permutations and combinations in scenarios involving arranging letters, selecting committee members, and inviting guests.

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avnishbajpai
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879 views

Permutations and Combinations

This document defines and provides examples of permutations and combinations. Permutations refer to different arrangements of objects taken from a set, while combinations refer to different selections or groups of objects taken from a set. The key formulas and notations for calculating permutations and combinations are presented. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating the number of permutations and combinations in scenarios involving arranging letters, selecting committee members, and inviting guests.

Uploaded by

avnishbajpai
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Permutations and Combination

Permutation:- Each of the different arrangements that


can be made out of a given number of things by taking
some or all of them at a time called a permutation.
r≤n

Notation:-
The no. of permutations (or arrangements) of n
different things taken r at a time (r <=n) is denoted by
r≤n
the symbol nPr.
• For example:- Permutations of three letters,
say a, b, c taken two at a time are ab, ba, bc,
cb, ca, ac and the no. of permutations of these
three letters taken two at a time is denoted by
3
P2. i.e.
• 3P2= 3*2=6.
Example 1:- How many different numbers of four digits can be
formed with the digits 2,3,4,5,6,7, none of the digits being
repeated in any of the numbers so formed?
Solun : To form the numbers of four digits, we have to arrange
the given digits 2,3,4,5,6,7 taking four at a time. Six digits
can be arranged taken four at a time in 6P4.
Hence the required number of numbers
= 6P4= 6*5*4*3=360.
Example 2:- In how many different ways can the letter of
the word SUNDAY be arranged? How many of these
arrangements begin with S?
Solun:- There are six different letters S, U, N, D, A, Y in
the given word and these six letters can be arranged
taking all at a time in 6P6 ways.
Hence the required number of ways
= 6P6 = 6*5*4*3*2*1=720.
For the arrangements beginning with S, S is kept fixed
and we arrange the other 5 letters U,N,D,A,Y taking 5
at a time in 5P5 ways.
Hence the required number of ways
= 5P5 = 5*4*3*2*1=120.
Excerise:-
Q1. In how many other ways can letter of the word
“SIMPLETON” be arranged?
Q2. In how many ways can 7 people be arranged at a
round table so that 2 particular persons may be
together?
Combination
Combination:- Each of the different selections (or
groups) that can be made out of a given number of
things by taking some or all of them at a time is called
a combination.
Notations:
The number of combinations (or selections) of n
different things taken r at a time (r <=n) is denoted
by the symbol nCr .Where nCr stands for
!n
n
Cr =
!r !( n − r )
For example:-
The combinations of three letters a,b,c taken two at a time are
ab, bc,ac and the no. of combinations of three letters taken two
at a time denoted by 3C2 , i.e.
!3 3.!2
3
C2 = = =3
!2!( 3 − 2 ) !2!1
The combination of three letters taken all at a time is abc and
the no. of combination is 1. i.e.
3
C3= 1.
Example 1:- How many different committees of 6
members may be formed from 7 gentlemen and 5
ladies?
Solun :- We have to select 6 members from 7+5=12
persons and this can be done in 12C6 ways.
12! 12.11.10.9.8.7.!6
C6 =
12
= = 924
6!( 12 − 6)! !6 * 6.5.4.3.2.1
Hence the required number of committees = 924.
Example 2:-A person has got 15 acquaintances of whom 10 are
relatives. In how many ways he may invite 9 guests so that 7
of them would be relatives?
Solun :- No. of relatives =10.
therefore, No. of non-relatives=15-10=5.
10
7 relatives can be selected out of 10 in C7 ways and for
each of 10C ways, 2 non-relatives can be selected out of 5 in
7
5
C2 ways. Hence the required No. of ways in which 9 guests
can be invited = 10C7 * 5C2

!10 5.4.!3
= * = 120 *10 = 1200
!7!(10 − 7) 2.1!3
Exercise:-
Q1. In an examination paper on Business Mathematics
11 questions are set. In how many different ways can
you choose 6 questions to answer? If, however,
question no. 1 is made compulsory, in how many
ways can you select to answer 6 questions in all?
Q2. A man has 6 friends. In how many ways may he
invite one or more of them to a dinner?

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