The 8051 Microcontroller

Lets EXPLORE inside 8051 !!

Why MICROCONTROLLER ?
Low cost compared to microprocessor
Microcontroller is used for a specific or single task and
microprocessor is used for general or any task
No need to add other I/O devices as it is already built inside the
microcontroller
It is simple to program a microcontroller than a microprocessor

MICROCONTROLLERS vs. MICROPROCESSORS



















CPU RAM ROM
I/O
PORT
TIMER
SERIAL
PORT
CPU
RAM
ROM
I/O
Timer
Serial
COM Port
DATA BUS
ADDRESS BUS
MICROPROCESSOR

MICROCONTROLLER
CISC AND RISC ARCHITECTURES
Complex set instruction computer (CISC)
Large number of instructions set
Examples : Intel X86 microprocessors, AMD processors, 8051

Reduced instruction set computer (RISC)
Small number of instructions set
Examples : Atmel AVR, PIC microcontrollers

TYPES OF MICROCONTROLLERS
There are many microcontrollers available in the market, some of the
companies that manufacture the microcontrollers and their products
are :

Freescale 6811
Zilog Z8
Intel 8051
Microchip PIC 16x
Atmel AVR
There are many controllers that are available in the market, some of
the major manufacturers are:
Atmel AVR series
Microchip PIC series
Intel 8051 series

Difference Between 8051 | AVR | PIC










In 1981, Intel introduced an 8-bit microcontroller called 8051
128 bytes of RAM, 4K bytes of on-chip ROM, two timers, one serial
port & four I/O ports (8-bit wide)
CPU
Interrupt
Control
Oscillator
ROM
BUS
Control
RAM
Timer 1
4 I/O
Ports
Serial
Port
Timer 0
External Interrupts
TX RX P0 P1 P2 P3
Counter
Input
Introduction to 8051-(MCS-51)
The other members of 8051 family are
8052 and 8031








*External ROM is added.
**External I/O ports (e.g. 8255) can be added.
Features 8051 8052 8031
ROM 4KB 8KB 0KB*
RAM (in bytes) 128 256 128
TIMERS 2 3 2
I/O pins 32 32 32**
SERIAL PORT 1 1 1
INTERRUPT SOURCES 6 8 6
Other Members of 8051 Family
8051: Pin Diagram











VCC : Supply voltage
GND : Ground
Port 0
Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port
It may also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order
address/data bus during accesses to external program and data
memory
External pull-ups are required when used as input


8051: Pin Description
Port 1
Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups
It may also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order
address/data bus during accessing the external program and data
memory
Port 2
Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups
Port 2 emits the high-order address during accesses to external
data memory that use 16-bit addresses
8051: Pin Description Contd..
Port 3
Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups

Port Pin Description (feature)
P3.0 RXD (serial input port)
P3.1 TXD (serial output port)
P3.2 INT 0 (external interrupt 0)
P3.3 INT 1 (external interrupt 1)
P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input)
P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input)
P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe)
P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe)
8051: Pin Description Contd..
RST : Reset input.
A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is
running resets the device
EA/VPP
External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to
enable the device to fetch code from external program memory
locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH
EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions
8051: Pin Description Contd..
Program counter points to the address of the next instruction to be
executed:
As the CPU fetches the opcode from the program ROM, the
program counter is increasing to point to the next instruction

The program counter is 16 bits wide
This means that it can access program addresses 0000 to FFFFH, a
total of 64K bytes of code
8051: Program Counter
The stack is a section of RAM used by the CPU to store information
temporarily. This information could be data or an address.

The register used to access the stack is called the SP (Stack Pointer)
register:
The stack pointer in the 8051 is only 8 bit wide, which means that
it can take value of 00 to FFH
When the 8051 is powered up, the SP register contains value 07
RAM location 08 is the first location begin used for the stack by the
8051
8051: Stack Pointer
n
!
Hanged
Computer!
CPU
Need to
RESET
or
Restart the
System
RESET
BUTTON
Need of Reset
n
RESET BUTTON
Reset in 8051
A watchdog timer is any hardware or software timer that
automatically resets the C whenever any fault is observed.

This is same as the normal computer where you restart the PC if it is
hanged.
8051: Watchdog Timer
x
CPU
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parallel Communication
x
CPU
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parallel Communication
x
CPU
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parallel Communication
x
CPU
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parallel Communication
x
CPU
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parallel Communication
x
CPU
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parallel Communication
x
CPU
D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
Parallel Communication
x
CPU
START
Serial Communication
x
CPU
D0
Serial Communication
x
CPU
D0 D1
Serial Communication
x
CPU
D1 D0 D2
Serial Communication
x
CPU
D2 D1 D0 D3
Serial Communication
x
CPU
D3 D2 D1 D0 D4
Serial Communication
x
CPU
D4 D3 D2 D1 D5 D0
Serial Communication
x
CPU
D5 D4 D3 D2 D0 D6 D1
Serial Communication
x
CPU
D7 D5 D4 D3 D2 D0 D6 D1
Serial Communication
x
CPU
D7 D5 D4 D3 D2 D0 D6 D1
STOP
Serial Communication
x
CY AC F0 RS1 RS0 OV - P
RS1 RS0 Register Bank Address
0 0 0 00H 07H
0 1 1 08H 0FH
1 0 2 10H 17H
1 1 3 18H 1FH
CARRY
AUXILIARY CARRY
USER DEFINED
REGISTER BANK SELECTOR BIT 1
REGISTER BANK SELECTOR BIT 0
OVERFLOW
PARITY
USER DEFINED
PSW (Program status word)
x An interrupt is an asynchronous signal indicating need of attention or
change in program execution.


PC
e

ESC
Escape button on
Keyboard
is an example of
hardware
interrupt
8051: Interrupts
x
PSW (Program status word)
It is an 8-bit register and is also referred to as flag register
Only 6-bits are used by 8051 and the two unused bits can
be used by the programmer
Four conditional flag bits :
CY(carry)
AC(auxiliary carry)
P(parity)
OV(overflow)

REGISTERS IN 8051
8051 has two timers T0 & T1
These are 16-bit wide
They are accessed as two separate registers of low byte & high
byte

8051: Timer | Counter
8
D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
TH0 TL0
TH1 TL1
TIMER 0 Register
TIMER 1 Register
8051: Timer Register
Timer mode register is used to set the various timer operation
modes
Both timer 0 & timer 1 use the same register, called TMOD
It is an 8-bit register
The lower 4-bit are used for timer 0 & upper 4-bit are used for
timer 1
The lower 2-bits are used to set the timer mode & upper 2-bits to
specify the operation
8051: Timer Mode Register
GATE C/T M1 M0 GATE C/T M1 M0
Timer 1 Timer 1 Timer 0
GATE : If 1 -> timer/counter is enabled only when interrupt is enabled
0 -> the timer is enabled whenever the TRx control bit is set

C/T : If 1 -> counter operation (input from Tx input pin)
0 -> timer operation (input from internal system clock)
M1 M0 MODE Operating Mode
0 0 0
13-bit timer mode
(8-bit timer/counter THx with TLx as 5-bit Prescaler)
0 1 1
16-bit timer mode
(16-bit timer/counter THx and TLx are cascaded)
1 0 2
8-bit auto reload
(8-bit auto reload timer/counter; THx holds a value which
is to be reloaded TLx each time it overflows)
1 1 3 Split timer mode (256 +256 times)
8051: Timer Mode Register | Contd..
x
UART : Universal a-synchronous receiver-transmitter
Example RS-232, USB

USART : Universal Synchronous/Asynchronous
Receiver/Transmitter
Example I2C, SPI

UART / USART
x Sometimes it is required to add some extra memory (ROM or RAM) to
microcontroller.

The two dominant protocols are :
Serial peripheral interface (SPI) and
Inter integrated circuit (I2C).

SPI / I2C
x
The major differences are in the connections. SPI has a common
bus of three wires, but it requires a separate select line for each
device.

I2C has only two wires for all communications. Although the wiring
is simpler for the I2C, the software is considerably more complex
than that for the SPI.

SPI / I2C | Contd..