THERMODYNAMICS

Lyza Marie G. Luchico

LETS COMPUTE
Imagine Juan dela Cruz will spend
PhP 60,000 for tuition fees for 4
years (2 semesters per year) and has
an allowance of PhP 200 (Assuming
20 days in a month for 10 months).
He is also spending at least PhP 500
per project each semester and has a
contingency of PhP 200 per
semester. What is the least amount
of money Juans parents will spend
for his education?
LETS COMPUTE
Tuition Fee: PhP 60,000 x 8
Allowance: PhP 200 x 20 x
10
Projects: Php 500 x 8
Others: PhP 200 x 8
EDUCATION
EXPENSES
PhP 525,600*

*Assuming no tuition fee
increase and other expenses
PART 2: ORIENTATION
0 Orientation Phys 104.pptx
Thermodynamics
study of energy transformations
Heat
Mechanical work
Other aspects of energy
Study of the relationship of
energy transformations to the
properties of matter.
Temperature and Heat
Measure of
hotness and
coldness of an
object
Amount of energy
that transfers from
a body of higher
temperature to
another body of
lower temperature
Length of an object
Steam Pressure
ability to conduct
electricity
color
Heat Flow:
T to T
Thermometer
It is a thermal sensor that
measures temperature.
It is any material that has a
thermometric property.
Property of an object which
changes with temperature
Types of Thermometers
1] Liquid-in-Tube Ex: Mercury and Alcohol
Thermometer
2] Rotary Thermometer uses a bimetallic strip
made of copper and brass
3] Thermocouple an electronic thermometer
that measures changes in electric signals
4] Liquid Crystal Thermometer - changes color
with increase in temperature
5] Temporal Artery Thermometer
infrared thermometers
6] Gas Thermometers Constant Volume
Thermocouple
Thermal Contact
Energy exchange between two objects
due to temperature difference
Thermal Equilibrium
A situation in which two objects would
not exchange energy by heat transfer if
they were placed in thermal contact.
Zeroth Law of
Themodynamics
If objects A and B are separately in thermal
equilibrium with a third object C, then A and B
are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Temperature Scales
1] Celsius (
o
C) Anders Celsius
2] Fahrenheit (
o
F) Daniel Fahrenheit
3] Kelvin (K) Lord Kelvin
4] Rankine (
o
R) William Rankine
Temperature Scales
o
Temperature Scales
Temperature
Scales
Celsius
(
o
C)
Kelvin
(K)
Fahrenheit
(
o
F)
Rankine
(
o
R)
Freezing
Point of H
2
0
0 273.15 32 491.67
Boiling
Point of H
2
0
100 373.15 212 671.67
100 C
o
100 K

180 F
o
180 R
o
100 C
o
= 100 K
C
o
= K
180 F
o
= 180 R
o
F
o
= R
o
Absolute Temperature Scale
Temperature Scales
Temperature Scale Absolute Zero Triple Point of H
2
0
Celsius (
o
C) -273.15 0.01
Fahrenheit (
o
F) -459.67 32.018
Kelvin (K) 0 273.16
Rankine (
o
R) 0 491.688
Triple Point of Water is when liquid
water, gaseous water and solid
water co-exist in equilibrium.
At absolute zero, a system of
molecules has its minimum possible
total energy.
TEMPERATURE SCALES
COMPUTATION
1. Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales
agree at a reading of?
TEMPERATURE SCALES
COMPUTATION
2. A new temperature scale is called
Z. On that scale, the boiling point
of water is 150
0
Z and the
freezing point is 10.0
0
Z . Find
the corresponding 70
0
Z in
0
C .
TEMPERATURE SCALES
COMPUTATION
3. A bottle of soft drink is placed in a
refrigerator and left there until its
temperature drops by 15 K from
its original value. What is the
corresponding change in
temperature on the Fahrenheit
scale?
PAIR SHARE
If I will measure my
temperature in terms of my
understanding of the
lesson, what would it be?
What heat will I include to
increase the temperature?
THERMODYNAMICS
DAY 2 Lyza Marie G. Luchico
PAIR SHARE
Materials expand when
heated, does this
mean mass is added
to the material?
Explain
Thermal Expansion
It is a phenomenon that as the
temperature of solids and liquids
increases, length and volume
increases.
It is the consequence of the change
in the average separation
between atoms in an object.
Linear Expansion
L is directly proportional to T
L is directly proportional to L
o
Linear Expansion
where:
L is the change in length
L
o
is the initial length
T is the change in temperature, C
o
or K
is the coefficient of linear expansion,
1/C
o
or 1/K
Volume Expansion
V is directly proportional to T
V is directly proportional to V
o
where:
V is the change in volume
V
o
is the initial volume
T is the change in temperature, C
o
or K
is the coefficient of volume expansion,
1/C
o
or 1/K
Thermal Expansion
1] Linear Expansion:


2] Volume Expansion:
Example No. 1
A surveyor uses a steel measuring tape
that is exactly 50.000 m long at a
temperature of 20
o
C. What is its length
on a hot summer day when the
temperature is 35
o
C where the
coefficient of linear expansion, , of
steel is 1.2 x 10
-5
/C
o
.

Example No. 2
The average coefficient of volume
expansion for carbon tetrachloride is
5.81 x 10
-4
(C
o
)
-1
. If a 50.0-gal steel
container (1gal = .003785 m
3
) is filled
completely with carbon tetrachloride
when the temperature is 10
o
C, how much
will spill over in cm
3
when the
temperature rises to 30
o
C?

Thermal Expansion
1] Linear Expansion:


2] Volume Expansion:
Check your understanding
A bimetallic metal strip is made
of brass [ = 19 x 10
-6
(C
o
)
-1
] and
steel [ = 12 x 10
-6
(C
o
)
-1
]. If the
strip is heated, in which
direction will it bend?
A B
Check your understanding
A bimetallic metal strip is made
of brass [ = 19 x 10
-6
(C
o
)
-1
] and
steel [ = 12 x 10
-6
(C
o
)
-1
]. If the
strip is heated, in which
direction will it bend?
A B
Check your understanding
A bimetallic metal strip is made
of brass [ = 19 x 10
-6
(C
o
)
-1
] and
steel [ = 12 x 10
-6
(C
o
)
-1
]. If the
strip is cooled, in which
direction will it bend?
A B
Check your understanding
A bimetallic metal strip is made
of brass [ = 19 x 10
-6
(C
o
)
-1
] and
steel [ = 12 x 10
-6
(C
o
)
-1
]. If the
strip is cooled, in which
direction will it bend?
A B
Does holes expand or contract when the
temperature increases?
A hole in a piece of solid material expands
when heated just as if it were filled with
the material that surrounds it.
Problem No. 3
A gold engagement ring has an inner
diameter of 1.5 x 10
-2
m at a temperature
of 27
o
C. The ring falls into a container of
hot water whose temperature is 49
o
C.
What is the change in the diameter of
the hole in the ring?
(
Au
= 14 x 10
-6
C
o
-1
)

SEATWORK 1
A circular copper ring at 20 degree
Celsius has a hole with an area of
9.980 cm
2
. what minimum
temperature must it have so that it
can slipped onto a steel having a
cross sectional area of 10.000 cm
2
?
CHALLENGE: Suppose they are
heated simultaneously?
Check your understanding
The figure shows the cross-
sectional view of three cylinders
A, B, and C. One is made from
lead, one from brass and one from
steel. All three have the same
temperature and the they barely
fit inside each other. As the
cylinders are heated to the same
high temperature, C falls off while
A becomes tightly wedge against
B. Which cylinder is made from
which material?
Check your understanding
Substanc
e
(C
o
)
-1
Brass 19 x 10
-6
Lead 29 x 10
-6

Steel 12 x 10
-6

A B C
1. Brass Lead Steel
2. Lead Steel Brass
3. Steel Brass Lead
4. Brass Steel Lead
5. Lead Brass Steel
6. Steel Lead Brass
C falls off while A
becomes tightly wedge
against B
Example No. 4
A brass ring of diameter 10.00 cm at 20
o
C
is heated and slipped over an aluminum
rod of diameter 10.01 cm at 20
o
C. To
what temperature must this combination
be cooled to separate them? Is this
attainable? (
Brass
= 19 x 10
-6
C
-1
;

Al
= 24 x 10
-6
C
-1
)
What if the aluminum rod were 10.02 cm in
diameter? Is it attainable?
Seat Work
At 20
o
C, an aluminum ring has an inner
diameter of 5-cm and a brass rod has a
diameter of 5.05-cm. (a) If only the ring
is heated, what temperature must it
reach so that it will just slip over the
rod? (b) If both are heated together,
what temperature must they both
reach so that the ring just slips over
the rod? If melting point of aluminum
is 660
o
C, will it work?
(
Brass
= 19 x 10
-6
C
o -1
;
Al
= 24 x 10
-6
C
o -1
)

Home Work
An aluminum can is filled to the brim
with a liquid. The can and the liquid
are heated so their temperatures
change by the same amount. The cans
initial volume at 5
o
C is 3.5 x 10
-4
m
3
.
The coefficient of expansion for
aluminum is 69 x 10
-6
/C
o
. When the can
and the liquid are heated to 78
o
C, 3.6 x
10
-6
m
3
of liquid spills over. What is the
coefficient of volume expansion of the
liquid?

Expansion of Water
Ice water continues to contract as
temperature increases until it reaches
4
o
C.
Further increase in temperature, water
begins to expand up to boiling point.
Expansion of Water
But on a fine scale, it is not exactly linear.
Expansion of Water
Expansion of Water
What if water behaves similarly as that of
other liquids were at freezing point, it has
the smallest volume?
The contraction of water up to 4
o
C has an
important consequence in marine life.
Practice Problem
Suppose that the steel gas tank in a car
is completely filled when the
temperature is 17
o
C. How many
gallons will spill out of the twenty-
gallon tank when the temperature
rises to 35
o
C?

steel
= 12 x 10
-6
/ C
o

gasoline
= 950 x 10
-6
/C
o