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Lecture 14lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 VV

Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 v

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Lecture 14lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 VV

Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 v

Uploaded by

Saketh Dahagam
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
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CAPACITIVE TRANSDUCERS

PIEZOELECTRIC AND
HALL EFFECT TRANSDUCERS

Lecture 14
Instructor : Dr Alivelu M Parimi
PIEZOELECTRIC transducers
Piezoelectricity describes the phenomenon of generating an
electric charge in a material when subjecting it to a
mechanical stress (direct effect) and conversely generating a
mechanical strain in response to an applied electric field
(converse effect).

3
Materials
Many natural and man-made materials, typically in the form of
crystals, ceramics, or polymers display the piezoelectric effect.
Piezoelectric materials belong to a class of materials called
Ferroelectrics. Piezoelectric Crystals exhibit the piezoelectric effect
naturally, without any processing
Piezoelectric materials are anisotropic i.e. their electrical,
mechanical, and electromechanical properties differ along different
directions Some piezoelectric materials under natural and synthetic
crystals are given below.
Quartz, Rochelle Salt, Tourmaline (Natural)
Lithium Sulfate, Cadmium sulfide, Ammonium Dihydrogen
Phosphate(ADP)
Piezoceramic elements like Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT); Barium
Titanate
Piezoelectric Polymer like; Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF),
Eethylenediamine tartrate (EDT)

4
the vast majority of Piezoelectric sensors use
PZT ceramic elements.
Configurations
PZT, the most commonly used material, can be formed,
pressed, and cut into various complex configurations to
provide many geometry and performance options. Some
popular configurations are:

5
Stack Actuators
PIEZOELECTRIC ACTION
6
The piezoelectric effect can be made to respond to mechanical deformations of the material
in the modes like thickness expansion, transverse expansion, thickness shear and face shear.
The mode of motion affected depends on the shape and orientation of the body relative to the
crystal axes of the piezoelectric material. Mechanical deformation generates a charge and as
the piezoelectric materials are insulators, they act as dielectrics also. This results in a definite
voltage appearing between the electrodes according to the usual law for capacitors, V =
C
Q
.
The piezoelectric effect is direction sensitive in that tension produces a definite voltage
polarity while compression produces the opposite.
The d and g Coefficients
7
The main characteristics of piezoelectric motion-to-voltage
transducers can be explained by considering only one
common mode of deformation say thickness expansion
shown in Figure
The d and g Coefficients
8
To relate applied force to generated charge, the d constants can be defined as

i
33
F
Q
3 direction in applied force
3 direction in generated e arg ch
d = =
The g constant is defined as

wl / F
t / e
3 direction in applied stress
3 direction in produced Field
g
i
0
33
= =
The d
33
can be calculated from g
33
if the dielectric constant c of the material is known, since
r o
,
t
wl
C c c = c
c
=
where w.l = area of the crystal and t = thickness of the crystal
c
= =
c
= =
33
i i
0
i
0
33
d
F
Q
F
C e
wl / F
t / e
g
p . t
e
tF
A e
g
0
i
0
33
= =
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS OF
PIEZOELECTRIC TRANSDUCER
we consider piezoelectric transducers for displacement to
voltage conversion. The displacement could be caused due to
force, pressure, or acceleration
9
Charge generated by the crystal can be expressed as
q = K
q
. x
i
where, K
q
has unit of Coloumb/cm, x
i
is deflection in cm
The circuit diagram of
piezoelectric transducer
10
ampl
leak ampl
leak ampl
eq
R
R R
R R
R ~
+
A since R
leak
>> R
ampl

A
eq
C C
cr
+ C
cable
+ C
ampl
|
.
|

\
|
= =
dt
dx
K
dt
dq
i
i
q cr
i
cr
= i
C
+ i
R

( )
eq
R r c
eq
C
C
C
dt i i
C
dt i
e e
}
=
}
= =
0
eq
i
q R r c eq
R
e
dt
dx
K i i
dt
de
C
0 0
|
.
|

\
|
= = |
.
|

\
|
The circuit diagram of
piezoelectric transducer
11
eq
i
q R r c eq
R
e
dt
dx
K i i
dt
de
C
0 0
|
.
|

\
|
= = |
.
|

\
|
1 D
D K
) D (
x
e
i
0
+ t
t
=
K = Sensitivity =
m
V
C
K
q
|
|
.
|

\
|
is of the order of ( 10 100 V/ m)
= time constant = R
eq
C
eq
(sec)
The non dimensional transfer function is
1
) (
0
+
=
D
D
D
Kx
e
i
t
t

Problem
12
A piezoelectric transducer having capacitance of 1500 pF has a charge sensitivity of
50*10
-4
(C/cm). Calculate voltage sensitivity ( V/cm) of the transducer
Solution
Charge Sensitivity K
q
=
x
Q
= 50*10
-4
C/cm
Q = K
q
x = C.V so V/cm 10 * 3.334 12) - 10 * 4)/(1500 - 10 * 50 (
6
= ==
x
V

Problem
13
An accelerometer consists of a 10 gm mass resting on a slab of piezoelectric material having
dimensions of 1 square cm in area, and 1mm thick. It is made of PZT material with its z axis
perpendicular to the large faces, which is coated with metal contacts. Find the voltage
developed when accelerometer is subjected to an acceleration of 1 milli-g.
Solution
The voltage developed is given by:
V =
( )( )
( )( )( )
F 104 . 0 F
m 10 1 1200 Vm / C 10 8 . 8
m 10 1 N / C 10 110
F
A
t d
2
2 12
3 12
r 0
33
=


=
c c



An acceleration of 1 milli-g exerts a force F= ma
m = 10 gm = (1 x 10
-2
kg) ; a = 1 milli-g = 10
-3
(9.8 m/s
2
)
F= m.a = (10
-2
kg) ( 10
-3
x9.8) = 9.8 x 10
-5
N
V= 0.104 F
Problem: assignment
14
1 N force is applied along the z axis to a 1 cm x 1cm slab of 1 mm thick PZT material. The
d
33
coefficient of PZT is 110 N C
12
10

and the relative permeability is 1200. (i) What is


the capacitance of this device? (ii) What voltage appears across electrodes on the surface?
(iii) What is the change in thickness of the crystal, given the Young`s modulus for PZT is 8.3
2
10
m
N
10 .
Problem: Assignment
Electrical circuit diagram of piezoelectric crystal connected
with amplifier is shown in Figure. For pulse input, derive and
plot the response of piezoelectric transducer.

15
APPLICATIONS OF PIEZOELECTRIC
TRANSDUCERS
Find atleast five applications where this transducers is utilized.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Piezoelectric Transducers
16
HALL EFFECT SENSORS
When a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic
field, a voltage will be generated perpendicular to both the
current and the field. The presence of this measurable
transverse voltage is called the Hall effect
17
HALL EFFECT SENSORS
18
The Hall voltage developed depends upon the material, strength of magnetic field and
current and is expressed as
V
H
= K
HOC
I
C
B sin
or
V
H
o I x B
K
HOC
is the open circuit product sensitivity constant in
|
|
.
|

\
|
kG mA
mV

I
C
is the control current in mA ( ac or dc),
B is the magnitude flux density in kilogauss (kG) [1 Tesla = 10,000 Gauss)
is the angle in degrees of the incident magnetic field from a line drawn parallel to the Hall
plate.
HALL EFFECT SENSORS
19
Another expression for Hall voltage is V
H
=
nqd
IB
d
B I R
H
=


where R
H
(m
3
C
-1
) is Hall constant
I (A) is the current
B (Vsm
-2
) is the magnetic field intensity
d (m) is the plate thickness
n ( electrons/m
3
) is the electron concentration
q ( =1.6x10
-19
C) is the electron charge
Problem
For a Hall crystal of length l, width w, and thickness d, derive
expression for Hall voltage when current is in z direction,
magnetic field in y direction
20
Hall Transducers
Analog Output Sensors
Digital Output Sensors

21
Analog Output Sensors

Analog output sensors provide an output voltage that is
proportional to the magnetic field to which it is exposed. Hall
element is followed by amplifier. To further increase the
interface flexibility of the device, an open emitter, open
collector, or push-pull transistor is added to the output of the
amplifier
22
Digital Output Sensors

Digital output Hall sensor has an output that is just one of two states: ON or
OFF. Figure illustrates a typical internally regulated digital output Hall Effect
sensor.
The Schmitt trigger compares the output of the differential amplifier with a
preset reference.
When the amplifier output exceeds the reference, the Schmitt trigger turns on.
Conversely, when the output of the amplifier falls below the reference point, the
output of the Schmitt trigger turns off. Hysteresis is included in the Schmitt
trigger circuit for jitter-free switching
23
Application
The measurement of proximity, position and displacement of
objects is essential in many different applications like valve
position, level detection, process control, machine control,
security, etc.
Hall effect sensors are used to detect the proximity, presence
or absence of a magnetic object. Hall-effect technology has
provided solutions for reliable solid state magnetic switching
and linear magnetic sensing
24

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