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Generalized Configuration and Functional Descriptions of Measurement Systems

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Generalized Configuration and Functional Descriptions of Measurement Systems

Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 Lecture 1 vv

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Saketh Dahagam
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GENERALIZED CONFIGURATION

AND FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTIONS


OF MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
Lecture 4
Instructor : Dr Alivelu M Parimi
OUTLINE
Functional elements of an instrument
CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
Active and passive transducers
Analog and digital modes of operation
Null and deflection methods
Input output configuration of measurement system
Methods of correction of modifying and interfering inputs
2
CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
Active and passive transducers
3

Passive transducer
A component whose output energy is supplied entirely
or almost entirely by its input signal is commonly called
a passive transducer.

Active transducer
An active transducer requires an auxiliary source of
power which supplies a major part of the output power
while the input signal supplies only an insignificant
portion. Normally, the output magnitude of the active
transducer is higher than that of the passive type.
CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
Analog and digital modes of operation
In analog measuring instruments, any change of the input
results in the corresponding change of the reading on scale.

Analog devices process signals, that can assume any value
across a continuous range and produce results that are also in
continuous form.

Analog instruments generally cost less and are easy to
maintain and repair.

4
Analog and digital modes of
operation
Digital describes any system in which changes are in discrete
steps.
Digital meters give value of physical variable in numbers.

A well-known example of analog vs. digital is that of clocks:
analog being the type with pointers that slowly rotate around
a circular scale, and digital being the type with decimal
number displays.
5
Analog and digital modes of
operation
6
Analog and digital modes of
operation
Advantages of Digital instruments
Reading directly in decimal numbers
Human errors like parallax & approximations in reading,
especially in the cramped portion are eliminated
Lesser power requirements
Tolerant of spurious noise
Can be interfaced easily with digital devices for
interfacing, recording for further analysis
No moving parts, so wear and tear is eliminated
Portable, small in size, low cost
Higher input impedance so loading effect is minimized

7
CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
Null and deflection methods
In a deflection type device the measured quantity produces
some physical effect that engenders a similar but opposing
effect in some part of the instrument.
The opposing effect is closely related to some variable (usually
a mechanical displacement or deflection) that can be directly
observed by human senses.
The opposing effect increases until a balance is achieved, at
which point deflection is measured and the value of the
measured quantity is inferred from this.
8
Null and deflection methods
In opposite to deflection type of instruments, the null or zero
type electrical measuring instruments tend to maintain the
position of pointer stationary. They maintain the position of
the pointer stationary by producing opposing effect. Thus for
the operation of null type instruments following steps are
required:
Value of opposite effect should be known in order to calculate
the value of unknown quantity.
Detector shows accurately the balance and the unbalance
condition accurately.
The detector should also have the means for restoring force.
9
Advantages and disadvantages of deflection
and null type of measuring instruments:
Deflection type of instruments is less accurate than the null
type of instruments. It is because, in the null deflecting
instruments the opposing effect is calibrated with the high
degree of accuracy while the calibration of the deflection type
instruments depends on the value of instrument constant
hence usually not having high degree of accuracy.

Null point type instruments are more sensitive than the
Deflection type instruments.

Deflection type instruments are more suitable under dynamic
conditions than null type of instruments as the intrinsic
responses of the null type instruments are slower than
deflection type instruments.
10
0 0
(b)
1 mm 1

mm
Reference

99 mm 10
-5
0 0
(c)
0 mm 1

mm
100 mm 10
-5
Inaccuracy:
Example A: (a) deflection, (b) difference, and (c) null measurements
(a)
Null method: linearity is not important;
sensitivity and zero drift are important.
0 1 mm
100 mm 0.1 mm

100 mm
Inaccuracy: 0.1 mm Uncertainty: 1 1 mm
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e

Null and deflection methods
Null and deflection methods
12
Figure depicts the application of strain gage to measure the
strain caused by load/pressure/displacement.

The gage subjected to load is the active gage and the identical
gage not subjected to load is dummy gage. One arm of the
Wheatstone bridge is fixed and other is variable.

When there is no load, the bridge is designed to be in balance
condition, meaning the voltage across the central terminal is
zero.
When the gauge experiences a strain due to applied load/pressure, there is a change in
the resistance, making the bridge unbalanced and causing change in detector voltage or
current, whose measurement is related to the active gage resistance.

This deflection could be related to the load which caused change in resistance; hence it
is Deflection mode of operation.

If upon change in resistance of active gage, variable resistance is adjusted so as to make
the bridge balanced, then this becomes Null mode of operation
Strain Gauge Bridge Circuit
CLASSIFICATION OF INSTRUMENTS
Contacting v/s Non-contacting
A contacting type of instrument is one that is kept in the
measuring medium itself.
clinical thermometer, tachometer, thermocouple, mouse

Non-contacting or proximity type instruments are those that
measure the desired input (measurand) without coming in
close contact with the measuring medium.
An optical pyrometer monitors the temperature of a blast furnace
from a distance
Ultrasonic/microwave based instruments for level measurement
In comparison to the contacting type instruments, non-
contacting type instruments are more accurate and efficient.
For the contacting type instruments, maintenance costs are
high as they wear out due to friction.

13
CLASSIFICATION OF
INSTRUMENTS
Manually Operated v/s Automatic

Any instrument which requires the services of human
operators is a manual type of instrument. The instrument
becomes automatic if the manual operation is replaced by an
auxiliary device incorporated in the instrument.
Intelligent v/s Dumb

In Intelligent instruments, processing of measured data to
refine the data for presentation/storage, self correction, and
further connection to web is carried by the instrument itself,
while in Dumb instruments measurement is only made of
variable and the observer must process the data.

14

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