Gas Laws

Chapter 10
CHEM101
Elements that exist as gases at 25
0
C and 1 atmosphere
Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers.
Gases are the most compressible state of matter.
Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to
the same container.
Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.
Physical Characteristics of Gases
Units of Pressure
1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m
2

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
1 atm = 101,325 Pa
Barometer
Pressure =
Force
Area
Sea level 1 atm
4 miles 0.5 atm
10 miles 0.2 atm
As P (h) increases V decreases
P a 1/V
P x V = constant
P
1
x V
1
= P
2
x V
2

Boyles Law
Constant temperature
Constant amount of gas
A sample of chlorine gas occupies a volume of 946 mL
at a pressure of 726 mmHg. What is the pressure of
the gas (in mmHg) if the volume is reduced at constant
temperature to 154 mL?
P
1
x V
1
= P
2
x V
2

P
1
= 726 mmHg

V
1
= 946 mL

P
2
= ?

V
2
= 154 mL

P
2
=
P
1
x V
1

V
2

726 mmHg x 946 mL
154 mL
= = 4460 mmHg
As T increases V increases
Variation of gas volume with temperature
at constant pressure.
V a T
V = constant x T
V
1
/T
1
= V
2
/T
2

T (K) = t (
0
C) + 273.15
Charles &
Gay-Lussacs
Law
Temperature must be
in Kelvin
A sample of carbon monoxide gas occupies 3.20 L at
125
0
C. At what temperature will the gas occupy a
volume of 1.54 L if the pressure remains constant?
V
1
= 3.20 L

T
1
= 398.15 K

V
2
= 1.54 L

T
2
= ?

T
2
=
V
2
x T
1

V
1

1.54 L x 398.15 K
3.20 L
= = 192 K
V
1
/T
1
= V
2
/T
2

Avogadros Law
V a number of moles (n)
V = constant x n
V
1
/n
1
= V
2
/n
2

Constant temperature
Constant pressure
Ammonia burns in oxygen to form nitric oxide (NO)
and water vapor. How many volumes of NO are
obtained from one volume of ammonia at the same
temperature and pressure?
4NH
3
+ 5O
2
4NO + 6H
2
O
1 mole NH
3
1 mole NO
At constant T and P
1 volume NH
3
1 volume NO
Ideal Gas Equation
Charles law: V a T (at constant n and P)
Avogadros law: V a n (at constant P and T)
Boyles law: V a (at constant n and T)
1
P
V a
nT
P
V = constant x = R
nT
P
nT
P
R is the gas constant
PV = nRT
The conditions 0
0
C and 1 atm are called standard
temperature and pressure (STP).
PV = nRT
R =
PV
nT
=
(1 atm)(22.414L)
(1 mol)(273.15 K)
R = 0.082057 L atm / (mol K)
Experiments show that at STP, 1 mole of an ideal
gas occupies 22.414 L.
What is the volume (in liters) occupied by 49.8 g of HCl
at STP?
PV = nRT
V =
nRT
P
T = 0
0
C = 273.15 K
P = 1 atm
n = 49.8 g x
1 mol HCl
36.45 g HCl
= 1.37 mol
V =
1 atm
1.37 mol x 0.0821 x 273.15 K
Latm
molK
V = 30.6 L
Argon is an inert gas used in lightbulbs to retard the
vaporization of the filament. A certain lightbulb
containing argon at 1.20 atm and 18
0
C is heated to
85
0
C at constant volume. What is the final pressure of
argon in the lightbulb (in atm)?
PV = nRT n, V and R are constant
nR
V
=
P
T
= constant
P
1

T
1

P
2

T
2

=
P
1
= 1.20 atm
T
1
= 291 K
P
2
= ?
T
2
= 358 K
P
2
= P
1
x
T
2

T
1

= 1.20 atm x
358 K
291 K
= 1.48 atm
Density (d) Calculations
d =
m
V
=
PM
RT
m is the mass of the gas in g
M is the molar mass of the gas
Molar Mass (M ) of a Gaseous Substance
dRT
P
M = d is the density of the gas in g/L
Gas Stoichiometry
What is the volume of CO
2
produced at 37
0
C and 1.00
atm when 5.60 g of glucose are used up in the reaction:
C
6
H
12
O
6
(s) + 6O
2
(g) 6CO
2
(g) + 6H
2
O (l)
g C
6
H
12
O
6
mol C
6
H
12
O
6
mol CO
2
V CO
2
5.60 g C
6
H
12
O
6

1 mol C
6
H
12
O
6
180 g C
6
H
12
O
6
x
6 mol CO
2

1 mol C
6
H
12
O
6
x = 0.187 mol CO
2

V =
nRT
P
0.187 mol x 0.0821 x 310.15 K
Latm
molK
1.00 atm
= = 4.76 L
Daltons Law of Partial Pressures
V and T
are
constant
P
1
P
2
P
total
= P
1
+ P
2

Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a
container of volume V.
P
A
=
n
A
RT
V
P
B
=
n
B
RT
V
n
A
is the number of moles of A
n
B
is the number of moles of B
P
T
= P
A
+ P
B
X
A
=
n
A

n
A
+ n
B

X
B
=
n
B

n
A
+ n
B

P
A
= X
A
P
T
P
B
= X
B
P
T

P
i
= X
i
P
T

A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles of CH
4
,
0.421 moles of C
2
H
6
, and 0.116 moles of C
3
H
8
. If the
total pressure of the gases is 1.37 atm, what is the
partial pressure of propane (C
3
H
8
)?
P
i
= X
i
P
T

X
propane
=
0.116
8.24 + 0.421 + 0.116
P
T
= 1.37 atm
= 0.0132
P
propane
= 0.0132 x 1.37 atm = 0.0181 atm
2KClO
3
(s) 2KCl (s) + 3O
2
(g)
Bottle full of oxygen
gas and water vapor
P
T
= P
O
+ P
H O

2 2
Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
1. A gas is composed of molecules that are separated from
each other by distances far greater than their own
dimensions. The molecules can be considered to be points;
that is, they possess mass but have negligible volume.
2. Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions.
Collisions among molecules are perfectly elastic.
3. Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces
on one another.
4. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional
to the temperature of the gas in kelvins. Any two gases at
the same temperature will have the same average kinetic
energy
Kinetic theory of gases and
Compressibility of Gases
Boyles Law
P a collision rate with wall
Collision rate a number density
Number density a 1/V
P a 1/V
Charles Law
P a collision rate with wall
Collision rate a average kinetic energy of gas molecules
Average kinetic energy a T
P a T
Kinetic theory of gases and
Avogadros Law
P a collision rate with wall
Collision rate a number density
Number density a n
P a n
Daltons Law of Partial Pressures
Molecules do not attract or repel one another
P exerted by one type of molecule is unaffected by the
presence of another gas
P
total
= SP
i

Apparatus for studying molecular speed distribution
The distribution of speeds
for nitrogen gas molecules
at three different temperatures
The distribution of speeds
of three different gases
at the same temperature
u
rms
=
3RT
M

Gas diffusion is the gradual mixing of molecules of one gas
with molecules of another by virtue of their kinetic properties.
NH
3
17 g/mol
HCl

36 g/mol
NH
4
Cl
Deviations from Ideal Behavior
1 mole of ideal gas
PV = nRT
n =
PV
RT
= 1.0
Repulsive Forces
Attractive Forces
Effect of intermolecular forces on the pressure exerted by a gas.