Scribd
Upload
93 views

Introduction To Networking: Thommy A. Purisima

Networks allow computers to communicate and share resources. There are several types of networks including local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). Networks can be configured in different topologies like bus, star, ring or mesh. Common transmission media for networks include twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables and wireless. Factors like transmission speed, connectivity and cost determine the appropriate media for a given network.

Uploaded by

Lawrence Cada Nofies
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
93 views

Introduction To Networking: Thommy A. Purisima

Networks allow computers to communicate and share resources. There are several types of networks including local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). Networks can be configured in different topologies like bus, star, ring or mesh. Common transmission media for networks include twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber optic cables and wireless. Factors like transmission speed, connectivity and cost determine the appropriate media for a given network.

Uploaded by

Lawrence Cada Nofies
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 28

Introduction to

networking
Thommy A. Purisima
2
What is a Network?
A network consists of 2 or more computers
connected together, and they can
communicate and share resources (e.g.
information
3
Why Networking?

!haring information " i.e. data


communication

#o you prefer these?

$r this?
4

!haring hardware or software

%entra&i'e administration and support

(.g. print document

(.g. Internet)*ased, so e+eryone can access the same administrati+e


or support app&ication from their P%s
5
,ow many kinds of Networks?

#epending on one-s perspecti+e, we can


c&assify networks in different ways

.ased on transmission media/ Wired (0TP, coa1ia& ca*&es,


fi*er)optic ca*&es and Wire&ess

.ased on network si'e/ 2AN and WAN (and 3AN

.ased on management method/ Peer)to)peer and


%&ient4!er+er

.ased on topo&ogy (connecti+ity/ .us, !tar, 5ing 6


/
/
6

Two main categories:

Guided wires, cables

Unguided wireless transmission, e.g. radio,


microwave, infrared, sound, sonar

We will concentrate on guided media


here:

Twisted-Pair cables:

Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP cables

!hielded Twisted-Pair (!TP cables

"oa#ial cables

$iber-o%tic cables
Transmission 3edia
7

&f the %air of wires are not twisted, electromagnetic


noises from, e.g., motors, will affect the closer wire
more than the further one, thereb' causing errors
Twisted)Pair %a*&es
8
0nshie&ded Twisted)Pair (0TP

T'%icall' wra%%ed inside a %lastic cover (for mechanical


%rotection

( sam%le UTP cable with ) unshielded twisted %airs of


wires
Metal Insulator
9
!hie&ded Twisted)Pair (!TP

!TP ca*&es are simi&ar to 0TP ca*&es, e1cept


there is a meta& foi& or *raided)meta&)mesh co+er
that encases each pair of insu&ated wires
10
Categories of UTP Cables
EI !lassifies UTP !ables a!!or"ing to t#e $ualit%&

Category 1 ' t#e lo(est $ualit%) onl% goo" for *oi!e)


+ainl% foun" in *er% ol" buil"ings) not re!o++en"e" no(

Category 2 ' goo" for *oi!e an" lo( "ata rates ,u- to
4Mb-s for lo(.s-ee" to/en ring net(or/s0

Category 3 ' at least 3 t(ists -er foot) for u- to 10 Mb-s


,!o++on in -#one net(or/s in resi"ential buil"ings0

Category 4 ' u- to 16 Mb-s ,+ainl% for to/en rings0

Category 5 ,or 5e0 ' u- to 100 Mb-s ,!o++on for


net(or/s targete" for #ig#.s-ee" "ata !o++uni!ations0

Category 6 ' +ore t(ists t#an Cat 5) u- to 1 1b-s


11
%oa1ia& %a*&es

In genera&, coa1ia& ca*&es, or coa1, carry signa&s


of higher fre7 (899:,';<993,' than 0TP
ca*&es

$uter meta&&ic wrapping ser+es *oth as a shie&d


against noise and as the second conductor that
comp&etes the circuit
12
=i*er)$ptic %a*&es

2ight tra+e&s at >89


? ms)8 in free space and is the fastest possi*&e
speed in the 0ni+erse

2ight s&ows down in denser media, e.g. g&ass

5efraction occurs at interface, with &ight *ending away from the norma& when it enters
a &ess dense medium

.eyond the critical angle tota& interna& ref&ection


13

An optica& fi*er consists of a core (denser


materia& and a c&adding (&ess dense materia&

!imp&est one is a mu&timode step)inde1 optica&


fi*er

3u&timode @ mu&tip&e paths, whereas step)inde1 @


refracti+e inde1 fo&&ows a step)function profi&e (i.e.
an a*rupt change of refracti+e inde1 *etween the
core and the c&adding

2ight *ounces *ack and forth a&ong the core

%ommon &ight sources/ 2(#s and &asers


14
Ad+antages and #isad+antages

2oise resistan!e ' e3ternal lig#t is blo!/e" b% outer


4a!/et

5ess signal attenuation ' a signal !an run for +iles


(it#out regeneration ,!urrentl%) t#e lo(est +easure"
loss is about 647 or 0816"9 -er /+0

:ig#er ban"(i"t# ' !urrentl%) li+its on "ata rates


!o+e fro+ t#e signal generation;re!e-tion te!#nolog%)
not t#e fiber itself

Cost ' <-ti!al fibers are e3-ensi*e

Installation;+aintenan!e ' an% !ra!/ in t#e !ore (ill


"egra"e t#e signal) an" all !onne!tions +ust be
-erfe!tl% aligne"
15
2AN and WAN

2oca& Area Network (2AN

!ma&& network, short distance

A room, a f&oor, a *ui&ding

2imited *y no. of computers and


distance co+ered

0sua&&y one kind of techno&ogy


throughout the 2AN

!er+e a department within an


organi'ation

(1amp&es/

Network inside the !tudent %omputer


5oom

Network inside %=<92

Network inside your home


16

Wide Area Network (WAN

A network that uses &ong)range


te&ecommunication &inks to connect 2 or
more 2ANs4computers housed in
different p&aces far apart.

Towns, states, countries

(1amp&es/

Network of our %ampus

Internet
WAN
Student Computer
Centre
Your home
USA
17

(1amp&e WAN techno&ogies/

I!#N ; Integrated !er+ice #igita& Network

.asic rate/ 8A2 :*ps Primary rate/


8.<BB3*ps

T)%arriers C *asica&&y digita& phone &ines

T8/ 8.<BB3*ps T>/ 2?T8

=rame re&ay

(ach &ink offers 8.<BB3*ps or e+en


higher

AT3 ; Asynchronous Transfer 3ode

!upport .)I!#N/ 8<<3*ps or D223*ps


or higher

!$N(T ; !ynchronous $ptica& Network

.asic rate $%8/ <8.?B3*ps

!upport $%82 and up to $%8A2


(AA<>.2?3*ps or e+en higher in the
future
18

(1amp&e of WAN/ .road*and %a*&e Network

%a*&e TE ser+ices ha+e *een e1tensi+e&y de+e&oped in most


modern cities

%a*&e TE companies try to make use of their coa1ia& ca*&e


insta&&ed (that are supposed to carry TE signa&s to de&i+er
*road*and data ser+ices

3any ca*&e network wiring has *een rep&aced with hy*rid fi*er)
coa1 (,=% C i.e. use of fi*er)optic ca*&e to connect to the
su*scri*ers- *ui&dings, and then the origina& coa1ia& ca*&e to
connect to each househo&d
19
The connection is shared *y a num*er of
su*scri*ers, hence may raise
performance and security pro*&ems
=
i*
e
r
)o
p
tic
c
a
*
&e
%a*&e company %oa1ia&
%a*&e
TE
P%
%a*&e
#rop
20

%a*&e is an asymmetrica& techno&ogy

#ownstream/ ma1 >D 3*ps

0pstream/ ma1 89 3*ps

3ay *e reduced to > ; 89 3*ps downstream


and 2 3*ps upstream, depending on no. of
su*scri*ers

Need a specia& ca*&e modem


(thernet
&ink to P%
%oa1ia& &ink
from ca*&e TE
socket
Teryon %a*&e 3odem
21
Peer)to)Peer Networks

Peer)to)peer network is a&so ca&&ed


workgroup

No hierarchy among computers a&& are


e7ua&

No administrator responsi*&e for the


network
Peer.to.-eer
22

Ad+antages of peer)to)peer networks/

2ow cost

!imp&e to configure

0ser has fu&& accessi*i&ity of the


computer

#isad+antages of peer)to)peer networks/

3ay ha+e dup&ication in resources

#ifficu&t to upho&d security po&icy

#ifficu&t to hand&e une+en &oading

Where peer)to)peer network is


appropriate/

89 or &ess users

No specia&i'ed ser+ices re7uired

!ecurity is not an issue

$n&y &imited growth in the foreseea*&e


future
23
%&ients and !er+ers

Network %&ients (Workstation

%omputers that re7uest network


resources or ser+ices

Network !er+ers

%omputers that manage and pro+ide


network resources and ser+ices to c&ients

0sua&&y ha+e more processing power,


memory and hard disk space than
c&ients

5un Network $perating !ystem that


can manage not on&y data, *ut a&so
users, groups, security, and
app&ications on the network

!er+ers often ha+e a more stringent


re7uirement on its performance and
re&ia*i&ity
24

Ad+antages of c&ient4ser+er networks

=aci&itate resource sharing ; centra&&y


administrate and contro&

=aci&itate system *ackup and impro+e


fau&t to&erance

(nhance security ; on&y administrator


can ha+e access to !er+er

!upport more users ; difficu&t to


achie+e with peer)to)peer networks

#isad+antages of c&ient4ser+er networks

,igh cost for !er+ers

Need e1pert to configure the network

Introduce a sing&e point of fai&ure to the


system
25
Topo&ogy C > *asic types

,ow so many computers are connected


together?
.us Topo&ogy 5ing Topo&ogy
!tar Topo&ogy
:ub
26

.us Topo&ogy

!imp&e and &ow)cost

A sing&e ca*&e ca&&ed a trunk


(*ack*one, segment

$n&y one computer can send


messages at a time

Passi+e topo&ogy ) computer on&y


&isten for, not regenerate data

!tar Topo&ogy

(ach computer has a ca*&e connected to


a sing&e point

3ore ca*&ing, hence higher cost

A&& signa&s transmission through the hu*F


if down, entire network down

#epending on the inte&&igence of hu*,


two or more computers may send
message at the same time
27
,ow to construct a network
with .us 4 !tar Topo&ogy?
!tar Topo&ogy
.us Topo&ogy
.N% T)%onnector
%oa1ia
& ca*&e
Network %ard
28

5ing Topo&ogy

(+ery computer ser+es as


a repeater to *oost signa&s

Typica& way to send data/

Token passing

on&y the computer who


gets the token can send
data

#isad+antages

#ifficu&t to add computers

3ore e1pensi+e

If one computer fai&s, who&e network


fai&s
T
T
T
"at
a
T
"at
a
T
"at
a
T "at
a
T "at
a
T "at
a
T !/
T !/
T !/
T !/
T

You might also like