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Sensors 1

Sensors are devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be read by observers or instruments. This document discusses several types of sensors including light sensors, color sensors, infrared sensors, LED sensors, distance sensors, bump sensors, accelerometers, gyroscopes, and encoders. It provides details on how each sensor works and examples of applications such as in line followers, self-balancing robots, and measuring displacement, velocity, and acceleration.

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Ashish Rawat
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56 views

Sensors 1

Sensors are devices that measure physical quantities and convert them into signals that can be read by observers or instruments. This document discusses several types of sensors including light sensors, color sensors, infrared sensors, LED sensors, distance sensors, bump sensors, accelerometers, gyroscopes, and encoders. It provides details on how each sensor works and examples of applications such as in line followers, self-balancing robots, and measuring displacement, velocity, and acceleration.

Uploaded by

Ashish Rawat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electronics

Sensors


Sensors
A sensor is a converter that measures a physical quantity and
converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or
by an (today mostly) electronic instrument.
For example: our eyes

Light Sensor
Three-axes
accelerometer
Ultrasonic Sensor
Colour
How do we see colour?
When white light falls
on an object, it absorbs
light of some particular
frequencies and reflects
the other.
The reflected light is
perceived to be of a
certain colour.
Colour sensors
IR Sensors
IR LED emits light
Reflected light received by
Phototransistor and
converted to voltage.
Higher voltage signifies
reflected light of more
intensity
LED Sensors
Works on same principle
but coloured LEDs used.
Can differentiate better
among objects of two
different colours but same
intensity.

Applications
Rubiks cube solver
Line follower
Pick and place
How a line follower works
Array of 5 to 7 color sensors placed in a line.
Objective: Black line must always be in the
middle i.e. only the middle sensor must show
black
If the immediate left sensor shows black, the
robot moves to the left to correct position


Distance Sensors
Sharp Sensors
Analog distance sensor that uses infrared to
detect an objects distance.
Uses triangulation method
The further the object is
away from the sensor, the
steeper the angle will be

Emitted Light Reflected Light
Angle
calculated
Light detected here


O B J E C T
I R Distance Sensor
Ultrasonic Sensors
Sends high frequency sound waves whose
echo is received by the receiver.
The time interval between
sending the signal and
receiving echo is calculated
by using a clock pulse
Does not work when the object is of soft,
sound absorbing material

Sharp sensor Vs Ultrasonic sensor
Sharp Sensor
Works on the triangulation
method i.e. angle of the
light calculated
Gives an analog output that
needs to be converted to
digital by Analog To Digital
Converter
Ultrasonic sensor
Works by using a clock
pulse and counting the time
pulses between the sent
and received signals




Gives a digital output
Uses of distance sensors
Feature to avoid obstacle
Wall following robots
Easy maneuvering.

Bump Sensors
Like buttons or switches, bump sensors pull
high on a logic pin when pressed.
On being pressed the circuit is completed,
hence we get a signal.

Bump
Sensor
Accelerometer


Used for measuring acceleration of a body.
It can also measure inclination of a body with
respect to earth.
Finds many applications in self balancing
robots, alarm systems, human motion
monitoring, levelling sensor, inclinometer.

Accelerometer (working)
It comprises a mechanical sensing element
and converts the signal from the mechanical
to the electrical domain.
Gyroscope




A gyroscope is a device for measuring or
maintaining orientation, based on the principles
of angular momentum.
Mechanically, a gyroscope is a spinning wheel or disc
in which the axle is free to assume any orientation.
Gyrometer
A Gyrometer (or gyroscope) is a device for measuring
orientation along one or several axis.
It measures the rotation of the robot on the vertical axis to
determine its orientation with respect to the arena.
A Gyrometer can be used for several purposes like:
Racing cars
Balancing
Anti roll stabilizers
Ship stabilizer
Computer pointing devices


Self balancing Robot
Gyrometer or accelerometer used to measure the
orientation and acceleration due to gravity
The Gyrometer will tell if the robot is rotating. If
it's 0, then the robot is not rotating, that is: it's
perfectly still, or going in one direction with some
fixed speed keeping balanced. It doesn't say
anything about where is up and where is down.
The accelerometer tells if the robot is
accelerating forward or backward or any other
direction

Encoder
The encoder is a sensor attached to a rotating
object to determine displacement, velocity, or
acceleration of a rotating sensor.
As it does not take skidding into
consideration, there may be inaccurate
readings
It should be very precise as even a small error
of few degrees in encoders multiplies over
large distances
Encoders: Working
Incremental Measuring System

A Line pattern
on glass or plastic
disc is made
As these patterns are
read a pulse is
counted
The signals is
analysed by counting
up or down with each
pulse and stored in
digital count.
Absolute Measuring System
Every position of the
measurement is
identified by a
definite code on a
glass or plastic disc.
The code is in the
form of light and dark
regions within
different tracks.
This combination
relates to an absolute
numerical value.
Queries?

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