Aayush Sable

Mechanical Engineering
Need
Does Comfort Of
Driver Matters So
Much.
Suspension
Suspension is the term given to the system of
springs, shock absorbers and linkages that
connect a vehicle to its wheels.
It serve a dual purpose contributing to cars
handling and braking.
Aim Of Suspension
To provide good ride and handling
performance and better contact to road.
To ensure that steering control is maintained
during manoeuvring.
To ensure that the vehicle responds favourably
to control forces produced by the tires during-
Longitudinal braking , lateral cornering
forces
Accelerating forces , braking and acelerating
torques.


Component of Suspension
Major component
Springs



Dampers
Spring
These are of two types
1. Leaf spring
2. Coil spring
Dampers

In dampers there is a piston
,with small holes in it.and
The whole system Filled with
Oil .
Suspension schematic view
A suspension can be
considered as a spring
and dampers in parallel
,which holds the
unsprung weight of the
car.
And tyre can also be
considered as a
suspension which holds
the complete weight of
car(unsprng +sprung
mass) .
Basic Terminology
Camber
Caster angle
Caster trail
Toe
Roll
pitch
Yaw
Steering axis
Unsprung mass
Scrub radius
Camber
Camber is the angle of the wheels relative to
the surface of the road, looking at the car
from the front or rear .It is +ve when top of
tyre is tilted outside.
Caster Angle and Trail
Caster angle is the angle between the steering
axis and vertical axis as seen from side view . it
is +ve when it is align towards the back.
Caster Trail is distance b/w the contact point
of tyre and the point on the road which passes
through steering axis in side plane.
this helps in centering steering wheel.

Toe
Looking at the car from above imagine lines
through the middle of the wheels in the
direction of travel. Toe In occurs when the
front of the wheels point towards the car
where as Toe Out occurs when the wheels
point outwards from the car
UNSPRUNG MASS
it is the mass of the car which is
not laid on the suspension system
SCRUB RADIUS
Distance From which the
ground plain intersection
of the Steering axis and the
center of the tire contact
patch
Large effect on drivers feel
and steering effort


VEHICLE AXIS SYSTEM
ROLL ,PITCH AND YAW
Roll:-it is the front view angular rotation of
sprung mass.
Pitch:- it is the side view angular rotation of
sprung mass.
Yaw:- it is the top view angular rotation of
sprung mass.




HOW DOES ALL THIS AFFECT
YOUR CAR?
Types Of Suspension System
Basically two types of suspension are there:-

Independent suspension system

Dependent suspension system
Independent suspension system
both the front and rear wheel are utilized
design incorporated in the front wheels
one wheel goes down .the other wheel
does not have much effect.
Basic classification of the design.
1. Macpherson strut
2. double wishbone
3. multi link

Macpherson strut
The most widely used front
suspension system in cars.
Comprises of a strut-type spring and
shock absorber combo , which pivots
on a ball joint on the single lower
arm.
The steering gear is either Connected
. Directly to the lower shock absorber
housing , or to an arm from the front
or back of the spindle.
When you steer , it physically twists
the strut and shock absorber housing
(and consequently the spring)to turn
the wheel.


Anti Roll Bars/
Push Bar Suspension
Generally used in F1 vehicles.
ADVANTAGES
Absence of bulky suspension system
of the vehicles helps in smooth flow
of air through the sides of the vehicle
without obstructing the natural flow
and making it turbulent hence the
aerodynamics of the vehicle is
undisturbed..and decreases air
drag
Double Wishbone Suspension

Type of double-A or double wishbone
suspension.
Wheel spindles are supported by an upper
and lower A shaped arm.
The lower arm carries most of the load
Provides Extra Support and control..

ADVNTAGES OF DOUBLE A-ARM
Provides more negative camber while rolling
(with shorter upper a-arm).this helps in
cornering.
It is versatile(placement of shocker and etc.)

It is used in Honda Accord(replaced Macpherson
system in 2013+ models), Alfa Romeo, MG,
Pontiac.

Double wishbone suspension
MULTI LINK SUSPENSION

Its currently being used in the AUDI A8
and A4 amongst other cars.
The basic principle of it is the same, but
instead of solid upper and lower
wishbones, each arm of the wishbone is
a separate item.
These are joined at the top and bottom of
the spindle thus forming the wishbone
shape.
The super-wired thing about this is that as
the spindle turns for steering, it alters the
geometry of the suspension by torque on
all four suspension arms.
Spring is separate from the shock
absorber.

Advantages (independent front)

-Bigger deflection of front wheels, no reaction on
steering
-Greater distance for resisting rolling action
-Front axle (small-stub), improves road holding
tendency of tyres
Minimum vibrations.

Disadvantages

-Better shock absorber required.
-Expensive
-Tyre wear increases due to transmission of torque.

Dependent Suspension
Solid axle :-
A live axle, sometimes called a solid axle, is a
type of beam axle suspension system in an
automobile that uses the drive shafts that
transmit power to the wheels to connect the
wheels laterally so that they move together as
a unit.
Solid axle Suspension system
Advantage of dependent system
Dependent (solid axle) suspension systems are
very rugged and can handle a lot.
Independent rear suspension systems are
mainly more for comfort in lighter cars
because in a light car, you feel every bump in
the road and the IRS helps to dampen that.
Advancement In Suspension
System
Air Suspension
Hydrolastic Suspension
Electromagnetic Suspension
Air Suspension
Comprises of compressor , supplying air to air tank
Pressure maintained 5.6 to 7 kg/sq.m
Air bags-on each wheel
As load applied ,air bags compressed actuating the
levelling valve.
Air from he tank fills the compressed air bag &hence
raise the level of the frame.
Air from air bag gets released as load on chassis
decreases
Air Suspension System
Air Suspenson System Layout
Advantages Of Air Suspension
These maintain a constant frequency of vibration
whether the vehicle is laded or unladen.
Constant frame height is maintained.
it helps to reduce the load while the vehicle in
motion i.e. the dynamic loading as the spring
rate variation between laden and unladen
weight is much less.
It gives smooth and comfort ride of the vehicle.
Electromagnetic suspension
Samuel Earnshaw was the one to discover in 1839 that
a charged body placed in an electrostatic field cannot
levitate at stable equilibrium under the influence of
electric forces alone. Likewise, due to limitations on
permittivity, stable suspension or levitation cannot be
achieved in a static magnetic field with a system of
permanent magnets or fixed current electromagnets.
Braunbecks extension (1939) states that a system of
permanent magnets must also contain diamagnetic
material or a superconductor in order to obtain stable,
static magnetic levitation or suspension.
This is the latest innovation in suspension systems,
invented by Bose. The idea is that instead of springs
and shock absorbers on each corner of the car, a
single liner electromagnetic motor and power
amplifier
can be used instead.
Inside the linear electromagnetic motor are
magnets
and coils of wire. When electrical power is applied
to
the coils, the motor retracts and extends, creating
motion between the wheel and car body.
Electromagnetic Suspension
Helper Spring
Directly mounted on main sprigs.
Take care of variation in spring load