Three wheelers

-Present models-
Indian Norms and Conditions
By-
Rahul Pedapudi
20063062,M2
History - A Time Line of 3-Wheelers.
1478 :Leonardo da Vinci draws plans for a self powered
automobile that is powered by clockwork.
1769 :Cugnot builds the Worlds first steam powered self-
propelled vehicle to transport man (France).
1769 :Worlds first auto-accident. Cugnot drives his steam
vehicle into a garden wall. (France).
1784 :William Murdock builds a model steam 3-wheeler. (UK)
1801 :Richard Trevithick creates the Worlds first Passenger
car, A huge steam powered vehicle. (UK)
1833 :Dr Churchs steam coach runs daily from Birmingham to
London carrying upto 44 people at an average speed of
14mph.(UK)
1885 :Karl Benz unveils the Worlds first motorcar - The Benz
Motorwagen. (Germany)
1896 :John Henry Knight builds first petrol car to run on British
soil. (UK)
1900 :Many bicycle companies start to produce 3-wheeled forecars.
1912 :Many 3-wheeler manufacturers vanish with the onset of World War-
1.
1921 :Wall Street Crash - results in the need for light cycle-car
3-wheeler manufacturers.
1939 :Worldd largest production 3-wheeler manufactured, the Davis
can carry seven adults. (USA)
1949 :Suez Crisis, many 3-wheeler manufacturers appear as the price of
petrol soars.
1963 :Reliant develop 600cc overhead valve unit which is Britains first
flowline light alloy motor vehicle engine.
1964 :Spirit of America records a speed of 566.27 mph becoming the
Worlds fastest jet powered 3-wheeler.
1964 :Worlds smallest production 3-wheeler manufactured. The 49cc
Peel P50.(Isle of Man)
1999 :Fastest road legal 3-wheeler produced. The Vigillante has a top
speed in excess of 200mph and a 0-60 mph time of 3 seconds. (USA)






Types of Three-wheel Cars

A three-wheel car is, by design, basically a triangle
shape.
Having one wheel up front and two in the back is
known as the delta configuration.
The benefit to the delta setup is its inherent low cost.
Most cars set up this way have the engine driving the rear wheels
and leave steering to the front one.
It's relatively easy (and inexpensive) to build a steering setup with
only one wheel.
The second type of three-wheeler setup is called the
tadpole or reverse trike.
much more stable than the delta setup because the back wheel
drives the vehicle while the two wheels up front are responsible
for steering.
Here's also an aerodynamic benefit, since the vehicle is shaped
almost like a teardrop -- wide and round up front and tapering off
in the rear. This allows air to flow easily over the vehicle's
bodywork.

Three-wheel Car Advantages

Provide people with the efficient transportation they need.
Hosting smaller engines.
The triangular shape is more aerodynamic than a boxy car,
meaning it can achieve better fuel economy simply from its body
design alone.
A three-wheeled car's small size -- plus the inclusion of a
powerful engine -- can mean exciting performance as well.
It's built much lower to the ground than a typical motorcycle and
that lower center of gravity gives it incredible handling
characteristics.
Three wheelers are quite economical in terms of manufacturing
and maintenance.
Three-wheel Car Disadvantages
Because of their smaller size, three-wheelers don't offer the
seating and storage options you see in most four-wheel cars.
the delta configuration -- are simply more prone to tipping over
than four-wheel cars are.
Commonly used 3-wheelers in India
Bajaj GC 1000
Pal Wonder
Piaggio
Agni Prinda
Auto Rickshaw
Cycle Rickshaw
Three wheeler manufacturer in India
Bajaj Auto,
Mahindra & Mahindra and
The Italy-based Piaggio.
Scooters India Limited
In the three-wheeler segment, comprising both passenger and goods
vehicles, the former is 76 per cent. Of this, Bajaj Auto enjoys a 46
per cent market share, Piaggio Vehicles has 38 per cent and
Mahindra, 10 per cent.
Auto Rickshaw
An auto rickshaw or three-wheelers (tuk-tuk, auto, rick, autorick or
rickshaw) is a motor vehicle that is one of the chief modes of transport across
many parts of South and East Asia, especially as a vehicle for hire.
Auto rickshaws are particularly popular where traffic congestion is a problem.
They are common in many Asian cities like Bangkok, Dhaka, Ahmedabad, Pune,
Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Hyderabad and Bengaluru.
DESIGN
An auto rickshaw is generally characterized by a sheet-metal body or open frame
that rests on three wheels, a canvas roof with drop-down sides, a small cabin in
the front of the vehicle for the driver ,and seating space for three in the rear.
They are generally fitted with an air-cooled scooter version of a two-stroke
engine, with handlebar controls instead of a steering wheel.
Cycle Rickshaw
The cycle rickshaw is a small-scale local
means of transport; it is also known by a
variety of other names such as pedicab,
cyclo, or trishaw.
Cycle rickshaws are human powered, a type
of tricycle designed to carry pasengers in
addition to the driver. They are often used on
a for hire basis.

DESIGN

In most of South Asia, the passenger seat is
located behind the driver on a delta tricycle,
while in Indonesia and Vietnam the driver sits
behind the passenger seat on a tadpole tricycle.


Tricycle or Trike
Steam tricycle
Tri-Magnum
All-terrain vehicle
Carver





Issues
Auto rickshaws have a top-speed of around 50 km/h (about 31
mph) and a cruising speed of around 35 km/h (22 mph). Traffic
authorities in big cities try to implement different mechanisms to
circumvent the resulting traffic slow-down issues; however, none
of these have really proven to work out.
Efficient users of road space.
Comparatively efficient users of energy.
Comparatively low emission of green house gas.
Over-represented in traffic accidents.
Significant source of air and noise pollution.
A handful of major cities ban, cap or restrict motor-rickshaws
from
certain areas (Delhi, Mumbai).
Norms and Conditions
3 wheeler norms, India is already ahead of most of
the advanced world as far as the emission norms are
concerned.
Emission Norms for 2 / 3 Wheelers to be the same in the Entire
Country
Bharat Stage I I norms
From 1 April, 2005

Bharat Stage I I I norms
Preferably from 1 April, 2008 but not later than 1 April,
2010 in any case.

The 3 wheeler vehicle manufacturers may be asked
to give mandatory on-road emission warranty for
30,000 km in respect of such parts which may have
impact on emissions including that of catalytic
converter.

Nano effect: 3-wheelers to be cheaper?
The Nano is priced at Rs 1.12 lakh, Bajaj Auto's RE petrol
variant costs about Rs 90,000, while its diesel variant is
pegged at Rs 1.2 lakh.
Bajaj Auto, the country's largest three-wheeler passenger
vehicles manufacturer, said it had enough leeway to reduce
the price of its popular auto rickshaws to counter any shift by
its consumers to Tata Motors' Nano.
3-Wheeler Applications in India
Hybrid 3-Wheel Vehicles
VOLKSWAGEN GX3

46 miles per gallon

Will cost American consumers under
$17,000 for the two-passenger vehicle.

The automaker claims it will be a lot
safer than a motorcycle, thanks to a
steel construction frame with paneling
made of high-density fiberglass.

The GX3's front axle resembles that of a car, while the rear is more like a
motorcycle.

MERCEDES-BENZ F 300 Life-Jet

An interesting vehicle, with an active
tilt control system that allows the car
to lean into turns at just the right angle
with maximum safety and comfort for
two occupants.
The engine, the same as in the
Mercedes-Benz A-class located
between the rear wheel and cockpit,
offering better fuel mileage than motorcycles.
Lightweight, with an aluminum chassis weighing only 196 pounds.
The roof, split into two halves, could easily be removed and stored above the
rear wheel.
PEUGEOT 20CUP

Built around a one-piece carbon
chassis with a separate black
leather trimmed cockpit for two
occupants .
Only 5.8 feet in height. It is designed
to load the front axle and keep the rear
axle nearly load-free.


Three 1-inch alloy wheels, two in the front and one in the rear.
a turbo-charged four-cylinder, 16-valve direct-injection engine.
uses a touch screen in the center of the steering wheel to operate the vehicle.





XNovo Three Wheeler


Both rear wheels will be belt
driven in the 500cc Piaggio-
engined petrol version,
although hybrid and fully
electric versions are also
on the cards, the latter
featuring twin electric motors,
one in each wheel hub.

Piaggios Hybrid Scooter

The Car of the Future
By Aptera Motors