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35-47pt



24-28pt

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ATM Basis
Applicable to Staff with Skill Certificate Level II or Lower
Released by GU Product Support Dept.
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Version Introduction
References:
1.
2.
Version Date Author Checked by Amendment Record
R1.0 2010-03-01 Lei Haiting *** RNC V3.09.30
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Course Objectives:
To master the basic concepts of ATM switch
To understand the ATM protocol
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:
30-32pt



20-22pt

Contents
ATM Overview

ATM Basic Knowledge and Concepts

ATM Protocol and Qos


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20-22pt

(2-5)

18pt

What Is ATM?
Principles and Advantages
High-speed, low-delay switching technology using short, fixed-size packets called cells
Cell-switching technique that supports transmission of voice, video, image, and data
Combines the advantages of circuit switching and packet switching
ATM Advantages:
Support for multimedia applications
Cost savings by combining data, voice, and video over a single physical channel
Single technology spanning local (LAN) and wide area networking (WAN)
Guaranteed service for time-sensitive applications
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20-22pt

(2-5)

18pt

How Does ATM Work?
Transfers information using fixed length cells (53 octets)
Routing information stored in cell header
ATM switch hardware makes routing decisions
Application
User bits PAD Ctrl/ Length CRC
0-47 4 4 octets 0 to 65,000 octets
Reassembly
Segmentation
1 - Cell-based Technology
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20-22pt

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18pt

How Does ATM Work?
5-byte header
ATM Cell
53 byte
To identify VP
48-byte payload
2 - ATM Cell Format

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20-22pt

(2-5)

18pt

ATM Interfaces
Private
ATM network
Private
UNI
Public
UNI
Public
NNI
Private NNI
(PNNI)
UNI = User-Network Interface
NNI = Network-Node Interface
B-ICI = Broadband Inter-Carrier Interface
Public
ATM network
B-ICI
Public
ATM network
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30-32pt



20-22pt

Contents
ATM Overview

ATM Basic Knowledge and Concepts

ATM Protocol and Qos


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30-32pt



20-22pt

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18pt

Structure of ATM Header
GFC VPI
VPI VCI
VCI
VCI PTI CLP
HEC
VPI
VPI VCI
VCI
VCI PTI
HEC
UNI (User-Network Interface) NNI (Network-Node Interface)
GFC: general flow control
VPI: virtue path identifier
VCI: virtue channel identifier

PT: payload type
CLP: cell loss priority
HEC: header error control
CLP
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20-22pt

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18pt

ATM Switching Principles
Port 1
VPI=2
VCI=37
VPI=3
VCI=39
NNI
UNI
UNI
ATM Switching
Port VPI VCI
1 2 37
2 1 51
Port 2
Port 1
ATM Switching
Port VPI VCI
1 1 51
2 3 39
Port 2
ATM Terminal
User B
User A
ATM Network Equipment
User data
ATM Cell
User data
ATM Cell
VPI=1 VCI=51
ATM Network Equipment
ATM Terminal
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30-32pt



20-22pt

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18pt

Virtual Connections
2 - Virtual Paths and Virtual Channels
Bundles of VCs are switched
via Virtual Paths (VPs)
Physical link
Virtual Path
Virtual Channel
Transmission Path
VP
VP
VP
VP
VCs
VCs
VCs
VCs
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20-22pt

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18pt

Virtual Connections
3 - Virtual Paths Switching
VC21
VC22
VC23
VC24
VC25
VC24
VC21
VC22
VC23
VC24
VC25
VC24
VP1
VP2
VP3
VP4
VP5
VP6
VP Switch = Cross-connect
VP1
VP6
VP2
VP4
VP3
VP5
VP Concatenation
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18pt

Virtual Connections
VC Switch
VC21
VC22
VC21
VC22
VC21
VC22
VP1
VP4
VP Cross-connect
VC24
VC23
VP6
V
P
2

VP3
VP2
V
P
3

V
P
1

Endpoint of VPC
4 - VC and VP Switching
VP4 VP6
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20-22pt

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18pt

ATM Connection
1 - Permanent Virtual Connections
Network
Management
System
VPI/VCI
VPI/VCI
VPI/VCI
VPI/VCI
Long setup time (especially with human intervention) means that
connections are left active
for long periods of time e.g. days, weeks
VPI/VCI tables setup in terminals and switches
ATM
Network
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20-22pt

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18pt

ATM Connection
2 - Switched Virtual Connections
Signaling Channel
VPI/VCI = 0/5
Signaling Channel
VPI/VCI = 0/5
Switch and terminal
exchange signaling messages
using the predefined signaling channel,
VPI/VCI = 0/5
ATM
Network
2 routing mechanisms:
static: Interim Inter Switch Protocol (up to 10 ATM nodes)
dynamic: P-NNI (private) or MTP3 (public)
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30-32pt



20-22pt

Contents
ATM Overview

ATM Basic Knowledge and Concepts

ATM Protocol and Qos


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30-32pt



20-22pt

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18pt

Layered Architecture
1 - ATM Forum Model versus OSI
Control plane User plane
Higher layers Higher layers
ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
ATM layer
Physical layer
Management plane
OSI Model
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
Layer Management
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18pt

Layered Architecture
2 - ITU-T ATM Model
User layer
Physical layer (transmission)
ATM layer (cell format)
AAL
User plane
Management plane
Control
plane
Class A
CBR
(circuit
emulation)
Signaling
and
control
Class B
VBR
(compressed
video/audio)
Class C
CONS
for data
(Frame Relay)
Class D
CLNS
for data
(LAN)
AAL 1 AAL 3/4 or AAL 5 AAL 2
Convergence Sublayer
SAR sublayer
Class X
CONS

UBR
Class Y
CONS

ABR
AAL 5 AAL 5
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18pt

Layered Architecture
3 - ATM Layers Location
User
Physical
layer
AAL
ATM
layer
Higher
layer
Network
(Error recovery
and flow control)
User
End-to-end
Edge-to-edge
Physical
layer
AAL
ATM
layer
Higher
layer
Physical
layer
ATM
layer
Physical
layer
ATM
layer
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18pt

ATM Physical Layer Functions
AAL
ATM Layer
Physical Layer
The Two Sublayers:
Transmission Convergence Sublayer (TC)
Cell rate decoupling
HEC sequence gener/verification
Cell delineation
Transmission frame adaptation
Transmission frame gener/recovery
Physical Medium Sublayer (PMD)
Bit timing,
Physical medium

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20-22pt

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18pt

ATM Layer Functions
AAL
ATM Layer
Physical Layer
Cell Convergence
Cell Detachment
VPI/VCI Conversion
Header Generation and Detachment
General Flow Control


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20-22pt

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18pt

ATM Adaptation Layer Functions
AAL
ATM Layer
Physical Layer
The Two Sublayers:
Segmentation And Reassembly sublayer (SAR)
Convergence Sublayer (CS)

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20-22pt

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18pt

AAL-5 Characteristics
Simplification of AAL-3/4
SEAL = Simple and Efficient AAL Layer
Less overhead and better error protection below CPCS than AAL-3/4
Used for most connection-oriented and connectionless services
Supports VBR-NRT, UBR and ABR service categories
Main Service Specific Convergence Sublayer:
FR SSCS for Frame Relay
SSCOP for signaling (Q.SAAL)
Can be null, but CPCS is always necessary
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20-22pt

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18pt

AAL-5 SAR PDU Segmentation
SAR-PDU
SAR-PDU
SAR-PDU
SAR-PDU
48 octets
CPCS-PDU
payload
PAD
CPCS-PDU
trailer
CPCS-PDU
SAR-PDU
payload
SAR-PDU
payload
SAR-PDU
payload
SAR-PDU
payload
ATM-Payload
Header
MORE
ATM-Payload
Header
LAST
Payload Type = 1
Segmentation
And
Reassembly
ATM
Layer
Upper
Layer
Protocol
Common Part
Convergence Sublayer
adds a Trailer
User Data (connectionless)
User Data (connection)
Trailer
Service Specific
Convergence Sublayer
adds a Header/Trailer
Header
User Data (up to 64 K octets)
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20-22pt

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18pt

AAL-5 Format of CPCS PDU
User to User indicator
(information between
CPCS and user)
Lg
UU
0-47 1 1 2 octets 4 octets
1 to 65535 octets
Lg = Length
CPCS PDU PAD CPI
CRC
32
Common
Part
Indicator
Max = 4 octets
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AAL2 - Characteristics
AAL-2 is a multiplexed ATM Adaptation Layer for voice, data, video and signaling
More than one type 2 information stream can be supported on a single ATM
connection (multiplexed in a single cell)
Provides for bandwidth efficient transmission of low-rate, short, and variable
length packets in delay sensitive applications (VBR-Real Time)
Best for voice over ATM and for compressed speech
AAL-2: Multiple, short packet based user channels over the same
ATM connection.
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AAL-2 Cell Packing/Multiplexing
CPS Packets
CPS-PDUs
User 2 Variable Bit-Rate
User 3
User 1
Atm
Adaptation
Layer
ATM
Layer
Upper
Layer
Protocol
ATM
Cells
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20-22pt

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18pt

AAL-2 Format of CPS Packet and CPS PDU
CPS PDU payload = 0, 1 or more CPS packets SN OSF PAD
48 octets
6 bits 4 bits 0 to 44 bits
Parity
Sequence
Number
CPS Information UUI LI
1 to 45/64 octets
6 bits 5 bits
3 octets
CID HEC
User to User
Indicator
(information between
CPCS and user)
5 bits 8 bits
LI =
Length
Indicator
Channel
IDentifier
Header
Error
Control
P
OffSet
Field
1 bit
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18pt

ATM Service Categories
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ATM Service Categories- Main Characteristics
ATM Adaptation
Type
AAL-1 AAL-2 AAL-3/4 AAL-5
Service
Examples
Constant Bit-Rate:
Circuit Emulation
Speech
CBR Video
Variable Bit-Rate
(Real-Time):
Efficient speech
Video-conference
Variable Bit-Rate
(Non Real-Time)
TCP/IP
Frame Relay
LAN
Timing
Relationship?
Yes Yes No
Bit Rate Constant Variable Variable
Connection mode Connection oriented
Connection oriented
Connection-less
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Traffic Contract - Traffic Contract and QoS Parameters
Broadcast
Video
Traffic parameters:
Peak Cell Rate (PCR)
Sustainable Cell Rate (SCR)
Maximum Burst Size (MBS)

Quality of Service:
Cell Transfer Delay (CTD),
Cell Delay Variation (CDV),
Cell Loss Ratio (CLR),
Cell Error Ratio (CER),
Severely Errored Cell Block Ratio
(SECBR),
Cell Misinsertion Rate (CMR).
Traffic Contract
Cell Loss Ratio
Cell Delay Variation (seconds)
Voice
File Transfer
Web
Browsing
Interactive
Data
Interactive
Video
Circuit
Emulation
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
10
1

10
-4

10
-6

10
-8

10
-10

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ATM Forum Traffic Management
ATM Layer Service Category
Attribute
CBR rt-VBR nrt-VBR UBR ABR
Traffic Parameters:
Peak Cell Rate Specified Specified Specified
Sustainable Cell Rate N/A Specified N/A
Min. Cell Rate N/A N/A Specified
QoS Parameters:
Peak-to-peak CDV
Specified Unspecified Max. Cell Transfer Delay
Specified Unspecified
Cell Loss Ratio Specified Unspecified
Max. Burst Size N/A Specified N/A
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Course Review
Describe the basic process of ATM switch.
Describe the ATM traffic type and Qos parameters.
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