Z-TRANSFORM

A mathematical expression of
f(t)  f(z)
such that z is complex.
e-zt
where: z=r(cosθ-jsin θ)
also called the “eulers form
 Region of Convergence
 Defines all values of z that are real and
located on the z plane
 The region of convergence, known as the
ROC, is important to understand because it
defines the region where the
z-transform exists.
 The ROC for a given x[n] , is defined as the
range of z for which the z-transform
converges. Since the z-transform is a power
series, it converges when x[n] z−n is
absolutely summable.
REGION OF CONVERGENCE
TIME DOMAIN (“Infinite Series”)
 CAUSAL
Im(z)

+∞
Re(z)
 REGION OF CONVERGENCE
TIME DOMAIN (“Infinite Series”)
 ANTI CAUSAL
Im(z)

-∞
Re(z)
 REGION OF CONVERGENCE
TIME DOMAIN (“Infinite Series”)
 DOUBLE SIDED
Im(z)

-∞ +∞
Re(z)
REGION OF CONVERGENCE
TIME DOMAIN (“Finite Series”)
All of the z-plane except
Z=0
Im(z)

Re(z)
REGION OF CONVERGENCE
TIME DOMAIN (“Finite Series”)
 All of the z-plane except
Z= ∞
Im(z)

Re(z)
REGION OF CONVERGENCE
TIME DOMAIN (“Finite Series”)
 All of the z-plane except
Z= 0 and Z = ∞
Im(z)

Re(z)
 Examples
Im(z)
 Given: X1(n) = {2 3 4 1 6 5}

X2(n) = X1(n+2) = {2 3 4 1 6 5}
X3(n) = X1(n-2) = {2 3 4 1 6 5} Re(z)

X1(z) = 2z2 + 3z + 4 + 1/z + 6/z2 + 5/z3

X2(z) = 2z4 + 3z3 + 4z2 + z + 6 + 5/z
X3(z) = 2 + 3/z + 4/z2 + 1/z3 + 6/z4 + 5/z5

X1(z) = ROC = all of the z plane except z =0 & z= ∞

X2(n) = ROC = all of the z plane except z = 0 & z = ∞
X3(z) = ROC = all of the z plane except z = 0
 For Infinite Sequence
 Example:
Given : X(n) = (1/3)n u(n) {n≥0; 0 else

X(n) = {1 , 1/3 , (1/3)2 , (1/3)3 . . . (1/3)n }

X(z) = {1 + (1/3)z-1 + (1/3)2z-2 + (1/3)3z-3 . . . (1/3)-nz-n}

Mathematical Series Progression

A = (1/3)n = 1 + A + A2 + A3 . . . An = 1/1-Az-1

GENERAL FORMULA
X(z) = 1 provided a≤ 1
1 – az-1
 Examples
 Given: X(n) = an u(n) + bn u(-n–1) {n≥1; 0 else
Combination of causal and anti causal for z transform to exists.

X(z) = 1 + b ROC: a>|z|<b Im(z)

1-az-1 1-bz-1

 Given: X(n) = (1/2)n u(-n-1) {n≥1; 0 else

Re(z)
X(z) = (1/2) ROC: |z| ≤ 1/2
1 – 1/2z-1

 Given: (1/3)n u(n) + (1/2)n u(-n-1)

X(z) = 1 + (1/2) ROC: 1/3>|z|<1/2
1 – 1/3z-1 1 – 1/2z-1
 Convolution of Z-transform
 Given: X1(z) = [1 + 2/z + 3/z2]
H1(z) = [4/z + 5/z3]

0 4 0 5
1 0 4 0 5
2 0 8 0 10
3 0 12 0 15

X1(z)*H1(z) = {0+4/Z 8/z2+17/z3+10/z4+15/z5}

 Correlation of Z-transform
 Given: X1(n) = [1 + 2/z + 3/z2]
X2(n) = [1 + 3/z3]

1 2 3
3 3 6 9
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1 1 2 3
X1(z)X2(z) = {3z3 + 6z2 + 9z + 1 + 2/z +
2/z2}
 Pole-Zero Z-plane
R(z) C(z)
H(z)
G(z)
Where G(z) = Transfer Function
G(z) = C(z) = zeros
R(z) poles

G(z) = Describes the overall systems

response for any given input at any time
(t)
 For Finite Sequences
 Defined as all roots are zeros, only
no poles.

 Zeroes – Defines values where the

system response is zero.

 Poles – Defines values where the

system response is infinite (∞).
 Infinite Sequence

Im(z)

X(z) = 1 2
conditions
0 1 Re(z)
1-az-1 |z|>a
|z|<a
 Infinite Sequence
Im(z)

0 a 1 Re(z) Decreasing exponential

Discrete signal

Im(z)

0 a 1 Re(z)
Constant Discrete signal
 Infinite Sequence
Im(z)

0 1 a Re(z) Increasing exponential

Discrete signal

Im(z)

-1 a 0 Re(z)
 Infinite Sequence
Im(z)

a -1 0 Re(z)

Im(z)

a -1 0 Re(z)
 Infinite Sequence
Im(z)

+jw

0 Re(z)
-jw
Damped sinusoid

Im(z)

+jw

0 Re(z)
-jw

Undamped sinusoid
 Infinite Sequence
Im(z)

+jw

0 Re(z)
-jw

Overdamped
Summary Im(z)
 If the pole is inside the unit circle execpt p=0, the function f(t)
decreases. N ∞ , stable.
 If the pole is exactly on the unit circle, constant amplitude,
stable
 If outside the unit circle, the function f(t) increases.
 If pole is exactly at 0, f(t) = k
 Inverse Z-transform
 Methods on calculating for the
inverse z transform

a. Inspection
b. Partial Fraction Expansion
c. Power series Expansion
d. Long Division
 By Inspection
 When given X(z) = z with an ROC
of z-a

|z|>a, we could determine “by

inspection”
that X[n] = an u[n]
 By Partial Fraction Expansion
 Given: X(z) = z = A + B
z (z – 0.5)(z – 1) (z-0.5) (z-1)

z = A(z-1)+B(z-0.5) Add equation 1 and 2

z: 1 = A + B –- equation 1 1 = 0.5B 1=A+2
k: 0 = -A – 0.5B – -equation 2 B=2 A = -1

F(z) = -1 + 2
(z-0.5) (z-1) X(n) = (0.5)n u(n) + (1)n u(n)

F(z)(z) = -z + 2z final answer:

(z-0.5) (z-1) X(n) = [(0.5)n + 1] u(n)

Roots: z= 0.5; z = 1
 By Power Series Expansion

 One of the advantages of the power

series expansion method is that
many functions encountered in
engineering problems have their
power series' tabulated. Thus
functions such as log, sin, exponent,
sinh, etc, can be easily inverted.
 By Long Division
Given: X(z) = 1
(1-0.5z-1)(1-z-1)

1 + 3/2z-1+7/4z-2+15/8z-3+31/16z-4
1-3/2z-1+1/2z-2 1
1-3/2z-1+1/2z-2
+3/2z-1+1/2z-2
+3/2z-1 – 9/4z-2 + 3/4z-3
-7/4z-2+ 3/4z-3
7/4z-2-21/8z-3+7/8z-4
-15/8z-3+7/8z-4
15/8z-3-45/16z-4+15/16z-5
-31/16z-4+15/16z-5
31/16/z-4-93/32z-5+31/32z-6
Final answer: X(n) = {1 3/2 7/4 15/16 31/16 }