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Improper Integrals

This document discusses improper integrals, which are integrals where either the function or limits of integration are infinite. It provides four examples: 1) An integral with an asymptote at x=1. Taking the limit from inside the interval yields a convergent integral equal to 1/2. 2) An integral with a limit of 0 that diverges to infinity as evaluated using limits. 3) A double integral treated as the product of two integrals, one of which is convergent and the other divergent, making the overall integral divergent. 4) An integral with a variable exponent P. If P>1 the integral diverges, but if P<1 it converges.

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Temesgen Bihonegn
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176 views

Improper Integrals

This document discusses improper integrals, which are integrals where either the function or limits of integration are infinite. It provides four examples: 1) An integral with an asymptote at x=1. Taking the limit from inside the interval yields a convergent integral equal to 1/2. 2) An integral with a limit of 0 that diverges to infinity as evaluated using limits. 3) A double integral treated as the product of two integrals, one of which is convergent and the other divergent, making the overall integral divergent. 4) An integral with a variable exponent P. If P>1 the integral diverges, but if P<1 it converges.

Uploaded by

Temesgen Bihonegn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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8.

4 day one
Improper
Integrals
Greg Kelly, Hanford High School, Richland, Washington
Until now we have been finding integrals of continuous
functions over closed intervals.
Sometimes we can find integrals for functions where
the function or the limits are infinite. These are called
improper integrals.

Example 1:
1
0
1

1
x
dx
x
+

}
The function is
undefined at x = 1 .
0
1
2
3
4
1
Since x = 1 is an asymptote, the
function has no maximum.
Can we find
the area under
an infinitely
high curve?
We could define this integral as:
0
1
1
lim
1
b
b
x
dx
x

}
(left hand limit)
We must approach the limit from
inside the interval.

0
1
1
lim
1
b
b
x
dx
x

}
1

1
1
1
x
x
x
dx
x
+ +
+

}
Rationalize the numerator.
2
1+x

1
dx
x
}
2 2
1 x

1 1
dx dx
x x
+

} }
2
1 u x =
2 du x dx =
1

2
du x dx =
1
1
2
1
sin
2
x u du

2 2
1 x

1 1
dx dx
x x
+

} }
2
1 u x =
2 du x dx =
1

2
du x dx =
1
1
2
1
sin
2
x u du

}
1
1
2
sin x u

1 2
1
0
lim sin 1
b
b
x x


( )
( )
1 2 1
1
lim sin 1 sin 0 1
b
b b


1
2
t
= +
2
t
0 0
This integral converges
because it approaches a
solution.

Example 2:
-1
0
1
2
3
4
-1 1
1
0
dx
x
}
1
0
limln
b
b
x
+

0
lim ln1 ln
b
b
+


0
1
lim ln
b
b
+

=
This integral diverges.
(right hand limit)
We approach the limit from inside
the interval.
1
0
1
lim
b
b
dx
x
+

Example 3:
( )
3
2
0
3
1
dx
x
}
The function
approaches
when .

1 x
0
1
2
3
4
1 2 3
( )
2
3
3
0
1 x dx

}
( ) ( )
2 2
3
3 3
0
1 1
lim 1 lim 1
b
c
b c
x dx x dx
+


+
} }
( ) ( )
3
1 1
3 3
1 1
0
lim3 1 lim3 1
b
b c
c
x x
+

+

( ) ( )
2 2
3
3 3
0
1 1
lim 1 lim 1
b
c
b c
x dx x dx
+


+
} }
( ) ( )
3
1 1
3 3
1 1
0
lim3 1 lim3 1
b
b c
c
x x
+

+
( ) ( ) ( )
1
1 1 1
3
3 3 3
1 1
lim 3 1 3 1 lim 3 2 3 1
b c
b c
+

(
(
+
(
(


0
0
3
3 3 2 +

Example 4:
1
P
dx
x

}
0 P >
1

P
x dx


}
1
lim
b
P
b
x dx

}
1
1
1
lim
1
b
P
b
x
P
+

+
1 1
1
lim
1 1
P P
b
b
P P
+ +


+ +
What happens here?
If then gets bigger
and bigger as , therefore
the integral diverges.
1 Ps
1 P
b
+
b
If then b has a negative
exponent and ,
therefore the integral converges.
1 P >
1
0
P
b
+

(P is a constant.)
t

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