Pemrograman

OpenGL Dasar
Pertemuan 5
Hand out Komputer Grafik
TIU:
Mahasiswa mampu menghasilkan aplikasi Komputer Grafik sederhana
(2)
Mampu menggunakan aplikasi pengolah grafis 3D untuk membuat
animasi 3 dimensi sederhana (C3,P3)
(1)
Mampu menjelaskan konsep dasar grafika di komputer (C2)
Entry Behaviour
Memahami konsep
pemrograman berorientasi
Obyek
(3)
Mampu menganalisa aplikasi pengolah grafis yang menampilkan
gambar 2 dimensi (C4,P3)
(4)
Mampu menghasilkan aplikasi
pengolah grafis yang memiliki
kemampuan mentransformasi obyek
vektor dan berinteraksi dengan
pengguna (C5,P3)
(5)
Mampu menghasilkan aplikasi
pengolah grafis yang memiliki
kemampuan mengatur viewing dan
shading (C5,P3)
Memahami konsep Vektor,
Persamaan Linier, Matrik, dan
Determinan
Bahasan
Pokok: Konsep dan cara pemrograman OpenGL API dasar
untuk menampilkan grafis 2 dimensi
Sub:
OpenGL API
GLUT
Primitif dan atributnya
Warna
Viewing dasar
Fungsi program dasar
The Programmers Interface
Programmer sees the graphics system through a
software interface: the Application Programmer
Interface (API)
API Contents
Functions that specify what we need to form
an image
Objects
Viewer
Light Source(s)
Materials
Other information
Input from devices such as mouse and keyboard
Capabilities of system
Object Specification
Most APIs support a limited set of primitives
including
Points (0D object)
Line segments (1D objects)
Polygons (2D objects)
Some curves and surfaces
Quadrics
Parametric polynomials
All are defined through locations in space or
vertices
OpenGL
The success of GL lead to OpenGL (1992), a
platform-independent API that was
Easy to use
Close enough to the hardware to get excellent
performance
Focus on rendering
Omitted windowing and input to avoid window
system dependencies
OpenGL Libraries
OpenGL core library
OpenGL32 on Windows
GL on most unix/linux systems (libGL.a)
OpenGL Utility Library (GLU)
Provides functionality in OpenGL core but avoids
having to rewrite code
Links with window system
GLX for X window systems
WGL for Windows
AGL for Macintosh
GLUT
OpenGL Utility Toolkit (GLUT)
Provides functionality common to all window
systems
Open a window
Get input from mouse and keyboard
Menus
Event-driven
Code is portable but GLUT lacks the
functionality of a good toolkit for a specific
platform
No slide bars
Software Organization
GLUT
GLU
GL
GLX, AGL
or WGL
X, Win32, Mac O/S
software and/or hardware
application program
OpenGL Motif
widget or similar
OpenGL function format
glVertex3f(x,y,z)
belongs to GL library
function name
x,y,z are floats
glVertex3fv(p)
p is a pointer to an array
dimensions
Example
glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
glVertex3f(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
glVertex3f(0.0, 1.0, 0.0);
glVertex3f(0.0, 0.0, 1.0);
glEnd( );
type of object
location of vertex
end of object definition
OpenGL Primitives
GL_QUAD_STRIP
GL_POLYGON
GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP
GL_TRIANGLE_FAN
GL_POINTS
GL_LINES
GL_LINE_LOOP
GL_LINE_STRIP
GL_TRIANGLES
A Simple Program
Generate a square on a solid background
simple.c
#include <GL/glut.h>
void mydisplay(){
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
glBegin(GL_POLYGON);
glVertex2f(-0.5, -0.5);
glVertex2f(-0.5, 0.5);
glVertex2f(0.5, 0.5);
glVertex2f(0.5, -0.5);
glEnd();
glFlush();
}
int main(int argc, char** argv){
glutCreateWindow("simple");
glutDisplayFunc(mydisplay);
glutMainLoop();
}
OpenGL #defines
Most constants are defined in the include files
gl.h, glu.h and glut.h
Note #include <GL/glut.h> should
automatically include the others
Examples
glBegin(GL_POLYGON)
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT)
include files also define OpenGL data types:
GLfloat, GLdouble,.
Event Loop
Note that the program defines a display callback
function named mydisplay
Every glut program must have a display callback
The display callback is executed whenever OpenGL
decides the display must be refreshed, for example
when the window is opened
The main function ends with the program entering
an event loop
Latihan
Buatlah Program yang menampilkan kotak diatas
Defaults
simple.c is too simple
Makes heavy use of state variable default values
for
Viewing
Colors
Window parameters
Next version will make the defaults more explicit
Program Structure
Most OpenGL programs have a similar structure
that consists of the following functions
main():
defines the callback functions
opens one or more windows with the required properties
enters event loop (last executable statement)
init(): sets the state variables
Viewing
Attributes
callbacks
Display function
Input and window functions
simple.c revisited
In this version, we shall see the same output but
we have defined all the relevant state values
through function calls using the default values
In particular, we set
Colors
Viewing conditions
Window properties
main.c
#include <GL/glut.h>

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
glutInit(&argc,argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE|GLUT_RGB);
glutInitWindowSize(500,500);
glutInitWindowPosition(0,0);
glutCreateWindow("simple");
glutDisplayFunc(mydisplay);

init();

glutMainLoop();
}
includes gl.h
define window properties
set OpenGL state
enter event loop
display callback
GLUT functions
glutInit allows application to get command line arguments and
initializes system
gluInitDisplayMode requests properties for the window (the rendering
context)
RGB color
Single buffering
Properties logically ORed together
glutWindowSize in pixels
glutWindowPosition from top-left corner of display
glutCreateWindow create window with title simple
glutDisplayFunc display callback
glutMainLoop enter infinite event loop
init.c

void init()
{
glClearColor (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0);

glColor3f(1.0, 1.0, 1.0);

glMatrixMode (GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity ();
glOrtho(-1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0, -1.0, 1.0);
}
black clear color
opaque window
fill/draw with white
viewing volume
RGB color
Each color component is stored separately in the frame
buffer
Usually 8 bits per component in buffer
Note in glColor3f the color values range from 0.0
(none) to 1.0 (all), whereas in glColor3ub the values
range from 0 to 255
Indexed Color
Colors are indices into tables of RGB values
Requires less memory
indices usually 8 bits
not as important now
Memory inexpensive
Need more colors for shading
Color and State
The color as set by glColor becomes part of the state and
will be used until changed
Colors and other attributes are not part of the object but
are assigned when the object is rendered
We can create conceptual vertex colors by code such as
glColor
glVertex
glColor
glVertex
Smooth Color
Default is smooth shading
OpenGL interpolates vertex colors across visible
polygons
Alternative is flat shading
Color of first vertex
determines fill color
glShadeModel
(GL_SMOOTH)
or GL_FLAT
Rangkuman
API berfungsi sebagai perantara antara aplikasi
dengan hardware
Membuat tampilan 2 dimensi sederhana
menggunakan OpenGL
Penjelasan Fungsi-fungsi dasar pembentuk
program OpenGL
Contoh Soal
Buat tampilan sebagai berikut:
Jawaban
#include "stdafx.h"
#include <GL/glut.h>

void display()
{
glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);

glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0);
glColor3f(1.0,0.0,0.0);
glVertex3f(-2.0,-2.0,0.0);
glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0);
glColor3f(0.0,1.0,0.0);
glVertex3f(0.0,2.0,0.0);
glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0);
glColor3f(0.0,0.0,1.0);
glVertex3f(2.0,-2.0,0.0);

glEnd();
glFlush();
}
void myinit()
{
glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
glLoadIdentity();
gluOrtho2D(-2.0,2.0,-2.0,2.0);
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0);
glColor3f(0.0,0.0,0.0);
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
if (argv[1] != NULL)
{ n=atoi(argv[1]);
}
else n=5;
glutInit(&argc,argv);
glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_SINGLE | GLUT_RGB);
glutInitWindowSize(500,500);
glutInitWindowPosition(100,100);
glutCreateWindow("Segitiga Warna");
glutDisplayFunc(display);
myinit();
glutMainLoop();

return 0;
}
Contoh Soal
Buatlah tampilan program Sierpinski Gasket
Referensi
Edward Angel, Interactive Computer
Graphics Fourth Edition, Pearson, 2006, ch
2, p 46 84
F. S. Hill, Jr., Computer Graphics Using
OpenGL Second Edition, Prentice Hall,
2001, ch 2, p 39 - 63